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Se anunciaba una avalancha de causas y se discutía con alarma el endurecimiento de un régimen que hasta entonces casi nadie había sentido cerca. Dos años después, el balance que hacen los propios penalistas es más sobrio y, precisamente por eso, más útil para quien tiene a su cargo un programa de cumplimiento.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":60,"children":61},{},[62],{"type":38,"value":63},"A esta altura importa menos saber si la ley se va a aplicar que entender cómo la están aplicando quienes tienen que hacerlo, y en ese punto aparece una respuesta que los primeros casos empiezan a dibujar con bastante nitidez, porque lo que los tribunales examinan cuando una empresa se sienta en el banquillo es si su modelo de prevención funcionaba en la práctica, con independencia de lo bien encuadernado que estuviera.",{"type":25,"tag":65,"props":66,"children":68},"h2",{"id":67},"un-comienzo-más-lento-de-lo-anunciado",[69],{"type":38,"value":70},"Un comienzo más lento de lo anunciado",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":72,"children":73},{},[74],{"type":38,"value":75},"Según los penalistas consultados por Diario Financiero y recogidos por az a comienzos de este mes, la aplicación de la norma ha sido más lenta de lo que se anticipaba. El primer año y medio estuvo concentrado casi por completo en el trabajo preventivo de las empresas, y durante 2025 prácticamente no hubo condenas bajo el nuevo estatuto. Este año el panorama comenzó a cambiar, y en palabras de uno de ellos los tribunales empiezan a fijar los primeros criterios reales sobre cómo van a aplicar la ley.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":77,"children":78},{},[79],{"type":38,"value":80},"Entre los expedientes más conocidos esos mismos abogados mencionan los casos Sartor, Factop, Primus, Polizzi y Bruma, cada uno en su propia etapa procesal y en manos de los tribunales, donde rige la presunción de inocencia para todos los involucrados. Coinciden también en que todavía hay poca experiencia de causas que hayan llegado a juicio oral, de modo que lo que hoy se sabe proviene sobre todo de resoluciones dictadas en etapas tempranas. Sería imprudente leer en ellas una jurisprudencia asentada, y sería igual de imprudente ignorarlas, porque son la primera señal de cómo razona un juez frente a un modelo de prevención concreto.",{"type":25,"tag":65,"props":82,"children":84},{"id":83},"lo-que-resolvió-el-tribunal-de-coronel",[85],{"type":38,"value":86},"Lo que resolvió el tribunal de Coronel",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":88,"children":89},{},[90,92,98],{"type":38,"value":91},"La resolución más ilustrativa hasta ahora vino del Juzgado de Garantía de Coronel, en la causa conocida como caso Bruma. La Fiscalía y los querellantes pidieron contra ",{"type":25,"tag":93,"props":94,"children":95},"strong",{},[96],{"type":38,"value":97},"Blumar S.A.",{"type":38,"value":99}," la medida cautelar del artículo 11 bis de la Ley 20.393, que consiste en la supervisión de la persona jurídica y que está pensada para los casos en que la inexistencia o la grave insuficiencia de un sistema de prevención hace necesario intervenir la organización para evitar nuevos delitos.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":101,"children":102},{},[103],{"type":38,"value":104},"El tribunal rechazó la solicitud. Según la columna que analizó el fallo en Ex-Ante, la empresa contaba con un modelo de prevención vigente, y en la audiencia no se acreditó, en esa etapa del proceso, ni en qué consistiría una insuficiencia grave de ese modelo ni una relación directa entre sus eventuales falencias y los hechos investigados. El estándar que se desprende es exigente para quien acusa, porque no basta con afirmar que el modelo es defectuoso y hay que demostrar la gravedad del déficit y su conexión con el delito imputado.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":106,"children":107},{},[108],{"type":25,"tag":109,"props":110,"children":113},"img",{"alt":111,"src":112},"Línea de tiempo del régimen desde septiembre de 2024 y la diferencia entre un modelo de papel y uno que funciona, con las dos preguntas que se hace el tribunal","/images/diagramas/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales.svg",[],{"type":25,"tag":115,"props":116,"children":118},"alert",{"type":117},"warning",[119],{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":120,"children":121},{},[122],{"type":38,"value":123},"La resolución de Coronel se dictó en sede de garantía y a propósito de una medida cautelar, así que no es una sentencia definitiva ni absuelve a nadie. Lo que sí muestra es que el examen del modelo de prevención empieza desde la primera audiencia, mucho antes del juicio, y que la empresa que puede exhibir un modelo vigente y aplicado llega a esa audiencia en una posición muy distinta de la que solo puede exhibir un documento.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":125,"children":126},{},[127,129,135],{"type":38,"value":128},"La lectura inversa del caso es la que más debería preocupar a un directorio. Si en Bruma pesó que el modelo existía y estaba vigente, una empresa cuyo modelo existe solo en papel le entrega a la Fiscalía justamente el argumento que en Bruma no se pudo acreditar. Los penalistas lo dicen sin rodeos cuando constatan que los primeros casos dejaron claro que un ",{"type":25,"tag":51,"props":130,"children":132},{"href":131},"/blog/modelo-prevencion-delitos/",[133],{"type":38,"value":134},"modelo de prevención de delitos",{"type":38,"value":136}," de papel no sirve como eximente, y que por eso los directorios han empezado a exigirle a cumplimiento que la matriz de riesgos refleje cómo opera el negocio día a día.",{"type":25,"tag":65,"props":138,"children":140},{"id":139},"la-presión-que-llega-por-el-lado-comercial",[141],{"type":38,"value":142},"La presión que llega por el lado comercial",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":144,"children":145},{},[146],{"type":38,"value":147},"Mientras los tribunales fijan sus criterios a un ritmo pausado, el mercado ya decidió los suyos. Una nota de az del 23 de septiembre recoge una observación que cualquiera que trabaje en cumplimiento reconocerá, según la cual las compañías han ordenado sus procesos cuando un banco les pidió el modelo de prevención para renovar una línea de crédito, cuando un cliente grande lo incorporó a las bases de una licitación, cuando apareció en una due diligence o cuando la aseguradora preguntó por el gobierno corporativo antes de cotizar la póliza de directores. La misma nota explica por esa vía que el avance sea tan disparejo, pues depende menos de la ley que de quién le pide cuentas a cada empresa.",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":149,"children":150},{},[151,153,159,161,167],{"type":38,"value":152},"Esa presión tiene una consecuencia práctica que vale la pena subrayar. En nuestra experiencia, el banco o la aseguradora que pide el modelo rara vez se conforma con recibir un archivo, y pregunta quién es el ",{"type":25,"tag":51,"props":154,"children":156},{"href":155},"/blog/encargado-prevencion-delitos/",[157],{"type":38,"value":158},"encargado de prevención de delitos",{"type":38,"value":160},", cuándo se actualizó la matriz, qué denuncias ha recibido el canal y qué se hizo con ellas. Son, con otro vocabulario, las mismas preguntas que se hizo el juez de Coronel, y una empresa que no puede contestarlas pierde el crédito o el contrato antes de que ningún fiscal se interese por ella. Una evaluación periódica del modelo, idealmente por un tercero independiente como la que culmina en una ",{"type":25,"tag":51,"props":162,"children":164},{"href":163},"/blog/certificacion-mpd-requisitos/",[165],{"type":38,"value":166},"certificación",{"type":38,"value":168},", sirve para ambas conversaciones, porque produce la evidencia objetiva que el tribunal y el cliente terminan pidiendo.",{"type":25,"tag":65,"props":170,"children":172},{"id":171},"las-obras-del-modelo",[173],{"type":38,"value":174},"Las obras del modelo",{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":176,"children":177},{},[178],{"type":38,"value":179},"La Epístola de Santiago advierte que la fe sin obras está muerta en sí misma, y lo dice a lectores tentados de creer que bastaba con profesar. Dos años de la Ley 21.595 dejan una lección de la misma familia, porque el texto reformado exime de responsabilidad a la empresa que tiene un sistema de prevención eficaz e implementado, y los dos adjetivos pesan más que el sustantivo. Un modelo que se aplica deja rastros, como actas, alertas atendidas, capacitaciones con asistencia y matrices con fecha, y son esos rastros los que convencen a un juez y a un banco. Las empresas que los estén produciendo hoy llegarán tranquilas a la audiencia que ojalá nunca tengan, y las otras descubrirán allí que un modelo sin obras pesa lo mismo que el papel en que se imprimió.",{"type":25,"tag":181,"props":182,"children":183},"hr",{},[],{"type":25,"tag":30,"props":185,"children":186},{},[187,189,195],{"type":38,"value":188},"Neitcom gestiona el modelo de prevención de delitos con la trazabilidad que convierte cada control aplicado en evidencia que se puede mostrar. 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