[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":36449},["ShallowReactive",2],{"blog-posts":3},[4,239,434,625,818,1008,1186,1356,1538,1705,1884,2063,2239,2421,2616,2792,2931,3080,3217,3346,3522,3649,3786,3929,4070,4200,4318,4484,4613,5212,5331,5480,6193,6979,7764,8630,9768,10939,11652,12555,13436,13726,14607,15815,16859,17773,18860,19942,20864,21902,22718,23560,24337,25469,26188,27043,28457,29485,30343,31256,32282,33144,34268,34852,35750],{"_path":5,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":9,"description":10,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":13,"author":14,"tags":15,"image":22,"body":23,"_type":233,"_id":234,"_source":235,"_file":236,"_stem":237,"_extension":238},"/blog/sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones","blog",false,"","Una sociedad nueva y $448 millones depositados en dos regiones","Una sociedad con menos de un año recibió cientos de millones en efectivo desde Arica y el Biobío. Qué debió mirar la debida diligencia de esa persona jurídica.","Compliance",6,"2026-10-27","Equipo Neitcom",[16,17,18,19,20,21],"Debida Diligencia","Persona Jurídica","Operaciones en Efectivo","ROE","Circular 62","Lavado de Activos","/images/blog/sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones.jpg",{"type":24,"children":25,"toc":224},"root",[26,59,64,71,76,81,86,92,97,102,111,117,131,144,157,163,168,186,191,197,202,207,211],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":29,"children":30},"element","blockquote",{},[31,42],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":33,"children":34},"p",{},[35],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":37,"children":38},"em",{},[39],{"type":40,"value":41},"text","\"Caminante, son tus huellas / el camino, y nada más.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":43,"children":44},{},[45,47,52,54],{"type":40,"value":46},"Antonio Machado, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":48,"children":49},{},[50],{"type":40,"value":51},"Proverbios y cantares",{"type":40,"value":53}," XXIX, en ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":55,"children":56},{},[57],{"type":40,"value":58},"Campos de Castilla",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":60,"children":61},{},[62],{"type":40,"value":63},"Piense en la ficha de una sociedad que abrió su cuenta corriente hace pocos meses. Trae su RUT, la prueba de su constitución, un giro declarado y un propósito para la relación, y casi nada más, porque todavía no tiene una historia que mostrar. Este artículo trata de lo que su banco debería mirar cuando una cuenta así empieza a recibir cientos de millones de pesos en efectivo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":66,"children":68},"h2",{"id":67},"lo-que-se-sabe-del-caso",[69],{"type":40,"value":70},"Lo que se sabe del caso",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":72,"children":73},{},[74],{"type":40,"value":75},"El 22 de octubre de 2026 el 7° Juzgado de Garantía de Santiago reformalizó a una persona por lavado de activos, en una investigación sobre fondos de una organización criminal transnacional. Según informó BioBioChile al día siguiente, la investigación estableció que la sociedad en el centro del caso se constituyó en noviembre de 2020. Reportes de bancos citados en la causa señalan que, solo entre agosto y octubre de 2021, una cuenta corriente registró abonos por $448 millones, compuestos en un 85 por ciento por depósitos efectuados por caja en distintas comunas de Arica y de la Región del Biobío.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":77,"children":78},{},[79],{"type":40,"value":80},"La estructura habría usado cuentas bancarias de varias sociedades, y las operaciones vinculadas suman $984.255.865. Las cuentas de dos de esas empresas, según la misma nota, ocultaban operaciones de mayor cuantía, superiores a US$10.000, con el fin de eludir los controles antilavado y dificultar la reconstrucción de su recorrido.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":82,"children":83},{},[84],{"type":40,"value":85},"Es una investigación y no una condena. La defensa niega que la persona reformalizada conociera el origen de los fondos, y nada de lo que sigue pretende responder esa pregunta. Nos quedamos en la cuenta, en lo que el banco tenía delante y en lo que ese cuadro debía activar. Es interesante notar, además, que la propia causa incluye reportes de bancos y alertas de la UAF sobre depósitos sospechosos. Algo se vio, y conviene preguntarse qué parte se pudo ver antes.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":87,"children":89},{"id":88},"una-cuenta-que-no-tiene-pasado",[90],{"type":40,"value":91},"Una cuenta que no tiene pasado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":93,"children":94},{},[95],{"type":40,"value":96},"Con un cliente antiguo el banco compara lo que pasa hoy con lo que pasó siempre. Con una sociedad recién constituida esa comparación no existe, porque no hay camino recorrido contra el cual medir el paso de hoy. Machado lo dijo de otra manera. El camino son las huellas, y nada más. Para una persona jurídica nueva eso es literal, no hay historia que consultar, solo las huellas que van apareciendo en su cartola, y el oficio consiste en leerlas a medida que se imprimen.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":98,"children":99},{},[100],{"type":40,"value":101},"Leídas así, las huellas de esta cuenta dicen bastante. En menos de un año de vida, en apenas tres meses, recibe $448 millones, y más de ocho de cada diez pesos llegan en efectivo por caja. Esos depósitos se hacen en comunas de dos regiones separadas por buena parte del territorio nacional. Ninguna de estas huellas, por separado, prueba nada. Juntas dibujan un camino que no se parece al de un negocio que recién empieza a caminar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":103,"children":104},{},[105],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":107,"children":110},"img",{"alt":108,"src":109},"Depósitos en efectivo desde distintas comunas de Arica y de la Región del Biobío hacia una cuenta corriente que recibió $448 millones entre agosto y octubre de 2021, con la alerta de antigüedad de la sociedad y la alerta del umbral de US$10.000 en las operaciones que pasaron por las cuentas de otras dos empresas","/images/diagramas/sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":112,"children":114},{"id":113},"lo-que-la-debida-diligencia-ya-tenía-en-la-mano",[115],{"type":40,"value":116},"Lo que la debida diligencia ya tenía en la mano",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":118,"children":119},{},[120,122,129],{"type":40,"value":121},"La Circular UAF N°62 pide a los sujetos obligados, para una persona jurídica, el RUT, la prueba de su constitución, vigencia y forma jurídica, su giro comercial y el propósito y carácter de la relación comercial, además de identificar a sus beneficiarios finales conforme al capítulo G. Ese capítulo descansa en una declaración que el propio cliente entrega, y lo explicamos en nuestro artículo sobre la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":124,"children":126},"a",{"href":125},"/blog/beneficiario-final-obligacion/",[127],{"type":40,"value":128},"obligación de identificar al beneficiario final",{"type":40,"value":130},". Con esa información en la ficha, el banco ya sabe dos cosas decisivas, la fecha en que la sociedad nació y lo que dijo que iba a hacer.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":132,"children":133},{},[134,136,142],{"type":40,"value":135},"El numeral f.7 de la misma circular pone esa información a trabajar. Exige un análisis continuo del comportamiento del cliente a lo largo de la relación, para asegurar que sus operaciones se correspondan con el propósito declarado, su giro comercial y su perfil de riesgo, y agrega que, si no se corresponden, deben tratarse como operaciones inusuales y analizarse en la forma que indica el numeral c.7. Pareciera una obviedad, pero es exactamente la regla que una sociedad nueva pone a prueba. La antigüedad deja de ser un dato decorativo de la ficha y pasa a ser el denominador contra el que se mide todo lo demás, y una cuenta de pocos meses con un volumen de varios años es una pregunta que la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":137,"children":139},{"href":138},"/blog/debida-diligencia-clientes/",[140],{"type":40,"value":141},"debida diligencia de clientes",{"type":40,"value":143}," tiene que hacer en voz alta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":145,"children":146},{},[147,149,155],{"type":40,"value":148},"La geografía es la segunda pregunta. Un negocio que recibe efectivo lo recibe, en general, donde atiende a sus clientes. Depósitos por caja repartidos en comunas de Arica y del Biobío piden saber quiénes los hacen y por qué en esos lugares, y si la respuesta no está en el giro declarado, la conducta calza con varias de las ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":150,"children":152},{"href":151},"/blog/senales-alerta-lavado-activos/",[153],{"type":40,"value":154},"señales de alerta de lavado de activos",{"type":40,"value":156}," que conviene tener a mano.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":158,"children":160},{"id":159},"el-umbral-y-las-cuentas-de-otros",[161],{"type":40,"value":162},"El umbral y las cuentas de otros",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":164,"children":165},{},[166],{"type":40,"value":167},"Queda el tercer rastro, el de las operaciones grandes que pasaron por las cuentas de otras dos empresas. El numeral d.1 de la Circular UAF N°62 obliga a informar a la UAF todas las operaciones en efectivo que superen los USD 10.000, o su equivalente en pesos, mediante el reporte de operaciones en efectivo, y el numeral d.2 aclara que los depósitos en efectivo en cuentas bancarias también entran en ese reporte. La nota de prensa no dice si las operaciones de más de US$10.000 eran en efectivo. Sí dice que se canalizaron por cuentas ajenas a la sociedad central para eludir los controles, y esa conducta es en sí misma una señal.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":170,"children":172},"alert",{"type":171},"info",[173],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":174,"children":175},{},[176,178,184],{"type":40,"value":177},"El ROE es un reporte objetivo, que no requiere sospecha y se activa por el monto, mientras el ROS depende del análisis. Cuando un cliente reparte o desvía sus operaciones para no cruzar el umbral de USD 10.000, lo que se evita es el ROE, pero lo que aparece es motivo para evaluar un ROS. Lo explicamos en nuestra guía del ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":179,"children":181},{"href":180},"/blog/reporte-roe-operaciones-efectivo/",[182],{"type":40,"value":183},"reporte de operaciones en efectivo",{"type":40,"value":185},".",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":187,"children":188},{},[189],{"type":40,"value":190},"Ninguna institución ve por sí sola la estructura completa. El banco de la sociedad central ve sus depósitos, el banco de cada empresa puente ve los suyos, y la figura entera solo se arma en la UAF cuando cada uno cumple con su parte. Por eso cada reporte cuenta, aunque quien lo envía vea apenas un tramo del camino.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":192,"children":194},{"id":193},"las-huellas-que-quedan",[195],{"type":40,"value":196},"Las huellas que quedan",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":198,"children":199},{},[200],{"type":40,"value":201},"Una sociedad nueva no tiene camino, solo huellas, y la debida diligencia de una persona jurídica recién constituida consiste en mirar esas huellas con la misma atención con que se revisó su escritura el día en que abrió la cuenta. La fecha de constitución, el giro y el propósito declarado son el punto de partida. Lo que viene después lo escribe la propia cuenta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":203,"children":204},{},[205],{"type":40,"value":206},"Al volver la vista atrás, decía Machado, se ve la senda. En cumplimiento lo deseable es verla antes.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":209,"children":210},"hr",{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":212,"children":213},{},[214,216,222],{"type":40,"value":215},"Neitcom apoya la debida diligencia de clientes personas jurídicas, verifica en listas a los beneficiarios finales que su institución identifica y prepara los reportes ROS y ROE, dejando cada revisión documentada para la auditoría. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":217,"children":219},{"href":218},"/contacto/",[220],{"type":40,"value":221},"Conversemos",{"type":40,"value":223}," sobre cómo mira hoy su institución a los clientes que acaban de nacer.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":227},2,3,[228,229,230,231,232],{"id":67,"depth":225,"text":70},{"id":88,"depth":225,"text":91},{"id":113,"depth":225,"text":116},{"id":159,"depth":225,"text":162},{"id":193,"depth":225,"text":196},"markdown","content:blog:sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones.md","content","blog/sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones.md","blog/sociedad-nueva-depositos-efectivo-varias-regiones","md",{"_path":240,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":241,"description":242,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":243,"author":14,"tags":244,"image":250,"body":251,"_type":233,"_id":431,"_source":235,"_file":432,"_stem":433,"_extension":238},"/blog/trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto","Más de 2.800 transferencias pequeñas y el rastro de la trata","Una acusación en Antofagasta describe trata de personas, comercios de fachada y transferencias de bajo monto. Qué deja ese patrón a la vista de quien monitorea.","2026-10-26",[245,21,246,247,248,249],"Trata de Personas","Monitoreo Transaccional","Fraccionamiento","ROS","Ley 19.913","/images/blog/trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto.jpg",{"type":24,"children":252,"toc":425},[253,276,281,286,292,297,302,307,313,318,323,331,337,342,350,360,370,383,395,401,406,411,414],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":254,"children":255},{},[256,264],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":257,"children":258},{},[259],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":260,"children":261},{},[262],{"type":40,"value":263},"\"Obra de tal modo que uses la humanidad, tanto en tu persona como en la persona de cualquier otro, siempre como un fin al mismo tiempo y nunca solamente como un medio.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":265,"children":266},{},[267,269,274],{"type":40,"value":268},"Immanuel Kant, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":270,"children":271},{},[272],{"type":40,"value":273},"Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres",{"type":40,"value":275},", segunda sección",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":277,"children":278},{},[279],{"type":40,"value":280},"La Fiscalía Regional de Antofagasta acusó a 22 personas por trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual y por lavado de activos, y pide penas que suman 642 años de cárcel. En la acusación hay un dato que le concierne directamente a quien monitorea cuentas en un banco o en una cooperativa. Un análisis financiero identificó más de 2.800 transferencias de bajo monto que, según la investigación, buscaban eludir los controles del sistema financiero.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":282,"children":283},{},[284],{"type":40,"value":285},"Conviene dejarlo claro desde el principio. Se trata de una acusación y no de una condena, los hechos que describe la Fiscalía deberán probarse en juicio, y las personas acusadas se presumen inocentes mientras no exista una sentencia. Lo que nos interesa aquí es la forma que toma el dinero de un delito como este cuando entra al sistema financiero, y qué parte de esa forma alcanza a ver quien lo monitorea.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":287,"children":289},{"id":288},"lo-que-describe-la-acusación",[290],{"type":40,"value":291},"Lo que describe la acusación",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":293,"children":294},{},[295],{"type":40,"value":296},"Según el comunicado que la Fiscalía publicó el 26 de octubre de 2026, la estructura habría operado en Antofagasta entre 2020 y 2025, y estaría compuesta por cuatro agrupaciones más pequeñas, articuladas como clanes familiares, que mantenían prostíbulos clandestinos y un café donde se ejercía el comercio sexual. La acusación comprende, entre otros delitos, asociación criminal para cometer trata de personas, trata con fines de explotación sexual, asociación para cometer lavado de activos y lavado de activos. Las penas solicitadas van de 17 a 47 años según la participación que se atribuye a cada acusado, y la audiencia de preparación de juicio oral está fijada para el 30 de noviembre.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":298,"children":299},{},[300],{"type":40,"value":301},"La organización fue desarticulada en agosto de 2025, y en ese operativo se rescató a una veintena de víctimas que, según la Fiscalía, habrían sido captadas abusando de su situación de precariedad. Detrás de cada cifra de este artículo están esas personas, y no queremos perderlas de vista mientras hablamos de transferencias.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":303,"children":304},{},[305],{"type":40,"value":306},"Lo que la investigación habría reconstruido es el camino de las ganancias hacia la economía formal. El comunicado menciona comercios de fachada, personas que prestaban sus cuentas, titulares aparentes de bienes, e inversiones en vehículos, fondos mutuos e inmuebles sin relación con los ingresos declarados. Agrega que uno de los clanes habría otorgado préstamos usurarios, de los conocidos como gota a gota.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":308,"children":310},{"id":309},"un-mosaico-hecho-de-piezas-que-no-dicen-nada",[311],{"type":40,"value":312},"Un mosaico hecho de piezas que no dicen nada",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":314,"children":315},{},[316],{"type":40,"value":317},"Las 2.800 transferencias se entienden mejor si se piensan como las teselas de un mosaico. Cada pieza, mirada de cerca, es un cuadrado de color sin forma, y nadie adivinaría la figura sosteniendo una sola en la mano. La figura aparece cuando uno retrocede lo suficiente para ver cómo se ordenan todas. El monitoreo que revisa operación por operación mira teselas, y una transferencia de bajo monto, aislada, no tiene nada de inusual. Lo inusual es el dibujo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":319,"children":320},{},[321],{"type":40,"value":322},"La norma chilena pide justamente ese paso atrás. La Circular UAF N°62 define como operación sospechosa de lavado de activos todo acto, operación o transacción que, de acuerdo con los usos y costumbres de la actividad de que se trate, resulte inusual o carente de justificación económica o jurídica aparente. La definición no menciona un monto, y la misma circular, en su numeral c.7, exige que el análisis considere toda la operativa relacionada, los intervinientes en la operación y la información relevante que posea el sujeto obligado. Una regla que solo mira la operación individual cumple con la letra del monitoreo y se pierde el mosaico.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":324,"children":325},{"type":171},[326],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":327,"children":328},{},[329],{"type":40,"value":330},"El numeral c.4 de la Circular UAF N°62 establece que el ROS no tiene una periodicidad ni un monto monetario establecidos. Una operación pequeña no queda fuera del deber de reportar por ser pequeña, y repartir una suma en muchas operaciones menores no la saca del radar de quien sabe mirar el conjunto.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":332,"children":334},{"id":333},"las-señales-que-deja-cada-tramo",[335],{"type":40,"value":336},"Las señales que deja cada tramo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":338,"children":339},{},[340],{"type":40,"value":341},"El diagrama sigue el dinero desde donde se genera hasta donde intenta parecer limpio, y marca lo que cada tramo deja a la vista de una institución financiera. Las señales son nuestra lectura para el monitoreo, no hallazgos de la investigación.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":343,"children":344},{},[345],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":346,"children":349},{"alt":347,"src":348},"El camino del dinero desde el lugar de explotación, que queda fuera de la vista del banco, hacia comercios de fachada, cuentas prestadas y más de 2.800 transferencias de bajo monto, con los préstamos gota a gota como vía aparte y la señal que cada tramo deja para quien monitorea","/images/diagramas/trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":351,"children":352},{},[353,355,359],{"type":40,"value":354},"El primer tramo no lo ve ningún banco, porque el lugar de explotación no tiene una cuenta que monitorear. Lo que llega al sistema financiero llega ya con otra apariencia, y la primera es la del comercio de fachada. Ahí la señal está en la relación entre lo que el cliente dijo que hacía y lo que su cuenta muestra, ventas que no calzan con el giro, con el tamaño del local o con el ritmo de un negocio de ese rubro. Esa comparación solo es posible si alguien registró bien la actividad al abrir la cuenta y la sigue contrastando, que es el corazón de la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":356,"children":357},{"href":138},[358],{"type":40,"value":141},{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":361,"children":362},{},[363,365,369],{"type":40,"value":364},"El segundo tramo pasa por las cuentas prestadas. Para el banco de cada titular aparente se trata de un cliente pequeño que recibe abonos y los reenvía, y la señal aparece cuando el monitoreo mira la velocidad del dinero y la falta de relación entre esos movimientos y la actividad declarada. Casi todas estas conductas figuran en nuestra guía de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":366,"children":367},{"href":151},[368],{"type":40,"value":154},{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":371,"children":372},{},[373,375,381],{"type":40,"value":374},"El tercer tramo es el de las transferencias de bajo monto. Ninguna, por separado, merece una alerta. Juntas forman una cantidad que sí la merecería, y por eso las reglas de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":376,"children":378},{"href":377},"/blog/monitoreo-transaccional-gestion-alertas/",[379],{"type":40,"value":380},"monitoreo transaccional",{"type":40,"value":382}," que detectan fraccionamiento suman en una ventana de tiempo, por cliente y por contraparte, en lugar de evaluar cada operación contra un umbral fijo. Los préstamos gota a gota, por último, dejan su propio dibujo, cobros pequeños y frecuentes que llegan a una misma cuenta desde muchas personas distintas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":384,"children":385},{},[386,388,394],{"type":40,"value":387},"Ninguna de estas señales prueba un delito. Su valor está en la coincidencia, y cuando la coincidencia existe la decisión de reportar no espera a la certeza. Las preguntas frecuentes de la UAF sobre el ROS lo dicen con todas sus letras, basta con la sospecha de buena fe. Cómo se arma ese reporte lo explicamos en nuestra guía del ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":389,"children":391},{"href":390},"/blog/reporte-ros-operacion-sospechosa/",[392],{"type":40,"value":393},"reporte de operación sospechosa",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":396,"children":398},{"id":397},"lo-que-el-mosaico-deja-ver-al-final",[399],{"type":40,"value":400},"Lo que el mosaico deja ver al final",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":402,"children":403},{},[404],{"type":40,"value":405},"El fiscal regional de Antofagasta, al presentar la acusación, dijo que investigar la trata exige empezar por las víctimas. Nos parece que esa frase vale también para quien no investiga sino que monitorea, aunque desde su escritorio no vea a ninguna víctima, solo saldos y transferencias. La trata usa a las personas como medio, exactamente lo que Kant pedía no hacer nunca, y el lavado completa la operación convirtiendo ese uso en un saldo que parece honrado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":407,"children":408},{},[409],{"type":40,"value":410},"Quien monitorea ve las teselas. Si retrocede lo suficiente, lo que aparece en el mosaico es un rostro.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":412,"children":413},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":415,"children":416},{},[417,419,423],{"type":40,"value":418},"Neitcom apoya la debida diligencia de clientes, la consulta en listas de sanciones y la preparación de los reportes ROS y ROE, y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":420,"children":421},{"href":218},[422],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":424}," sobre cómo mira hoy su institución las operaciones pequeñas y repetidas.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":426},[427,428,429,430],{"id":288,"depth":225,"text":291},{"id":309,"depth":225,"text":312},{"id":333,"depth":225,"text":336},{"id":397,"depth":225,"text":400},"content:blog:trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto.md","blog/trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto.md","blog/trata-personas-lavado-transferencias-bajo-monto",{"_path":435,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":436,"description":437,"category":438,"readTime":12,"date":439,"author":14,"tags":440,"image":445,"body":446,"_type":233,"_id":622,"_source":235,"_file":623,"_stem":624,"_extension":238},"/blog/cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos","Cartolas de clientes publicadas en internet y el deber de seguridad","La CMF multó a una administradora de fondos por 46 cartolas expuestas en internet. Qué control faltó y qué anticipa del deber de seguridad de la Ley 21.719.","Protección de Datos","2026-10-21",[441,438,442,443,444,11],"Ley 21.719","CMF","Seguridad de la Información","Brechas de Seguridad","/images/blog/cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":447,"toc":616},[448,464,469,474,480,485,490,495,501,506,511,516,521,529,535,540,549,586,592,597,602,605],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":449,"children":450},{},[451,459],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":452,"children":453},{},[454],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":455,"children":456},{},[457],{"type":40,"value":458},"\"Por tanto, las cosas que dijisteis en tinieblas, á la luz serán oídas; y lo que hablasteis al oído en las cámaras, será pregonado en los terrados.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":460,"children":461},{},[462],{"type":40,"value":463},"Evangelio según San Lucas 12, 3",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":465,"children":466},{},[467],{"type":40,"value":468},"El 15 de octubre de 2026 la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero dio a conocer una multa de UF 200 a una administradora general de fondos, porque 46 cartolas de sus aportantes quedaron publicadas en internet durante casi un año y medio. No hubo atacante ni rescate. Hubo un archivo que alguien subió al lugar equivocado y que nadie volvió a mirar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":470,"children":471},{},[472],{"type":40,"value":473},"Pareciera un caso menor, y por el monto quizás lo sea. Sin embargo, arroja luces sobre una pregunta que la nueva ley de datos le hará a toda institución que custodia información ajena. ¿Qué control habría impedido esa publicación, y cuál la habría detectado antes de que la encontrara un cliente? Partamos por lo que dice la resolución, porque antes de opinar sobre el control que faltó conviene saber con precisión qué ocurrió.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":475,"children":477},{"id":476},"lo-que-sancionó-la-cmf",[478],{"type":40,"value":479},"Lo que sancionó la CMF",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":481,"children":482},{},[483],{"type":40,"value":484},"La multa se aplicó por Resolución Exenta N° 10.995. Según el comunicado de la CMF, la administradora infringió las Normas de Carácter General N° 507 y N° 368, la Circular N° 1.869, la Ley Única de Fondos y su Reglamento, al no haber generado mecanismos de control que evitaran que se publicaran en internet 46 cartolas de aportantes. La misma resolución sanciona una segunda infracción, la comercialización de cuotas de un fondo extranjero no inscrito ante la Comisión, en contra del artículo 183 de la Ley de Mercado de Valores y de la Norma de Carácter General N° 352, que aquí dejamos de lado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":486,"children":487},{},[488],{"type":40,"value":489},"La resolución reconstruye los hechos con un detalle que vale más que el monto. Entre el 21 y el 29 de noviembre de 2023, durante la carga de las cartolas de movimientos de octubre de ese año, el equipo a cargo usó por error un repositorio expuesto a internet en lugar de un entorno restringido, y quedaron publicadas 46 cartolas pertenecientes a 44 aportantes. Permanecieron así al menos hasta el 7 de mayo de 2025. Es interesante notar cómo terminó la exposición, porque no la cerró ningún control interno sino el reclamo de un cliente que había encontrado su propia cartola en internet, y ese mismo día la administradora retiró los documentos. Después, revisando los registros de su herramienta de analítica web, estableció que 29 de las 46 cartolas habían sido accedidas, sin poder determinar por quién.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":491,"children":492},{},[493],{"type":40,"value":494},"La CMF consideró que los incumplimientos se originaron en defectos operacionales que fueron corregidos, con un impacto acotado, y negó la rebaja de hasta un 80% que contempla el artículo 58 del Decreto Ley N° 3.538, porque la administradora no la pidió por el procedimiento establecido y porque ya había sido sancionada en julio de 2023.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":496,"children":498},{"id":497},"el-control-que-faltó-y-el-que-habría-detectado",[499],{"type":40,"value":500},"El control que faltó y el que habría detectado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":502,"children":503},{},[504],{"type":40,"value":505},"Hay un razonamiento de la resolución que conviene retener. La defensa alegó que la Norma de Carácter General N° 507, vigente desde el 1 de febrero de 2025, no regía cuando se cargaron los archivos en 2023. La CMF respondió que la infracción no se verificó solo al momento de la carga sino durante todo el tiempo en que las cartolas permanecieron publicadas, y ese tiempo alcanzó la vigencia de la norma nueva. Una falla de seguridad, mirada así, se parece a una ventana que alguien dejó encendida en plena noche (se ve desde cualquier calle, y sigue viéndose mientras nadie se acerque a apagarla).",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":507,"children":508},{},[509],{"type":40,"value":510},"La carga tomó unos días. La exposición, casi un año y medio.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":512,"children":513},{},[514],{"type":40,"value":515},"De ahí se desprenden los dos controles que el diagrama de este artículo separa. El primero es preventivo y vive en el proceso de publicación, pues un documento con datos de un cliente no debería poder llegar a un repositorio público sin pasar por una verificación de destino, una segunda persona que apruebe o una regla técnica que impida que ese tipo de archivo salga del entorno restringido. La resolución deja constancia de que, a la fecha de los hechos, la administradora no contaba con procedimientos ni mecanismos para controlar el riesgo de publicar en web de libre acceso información de sus clientes, y que solo después del incidente adoptó instrumentos con ese objetivo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":517,"children":518},{},[519],{"type":40,"value":520},"El segundo control es de detección, y es el que más se olvida. La administradora tenía un registro de accesos a su sitio, puesto que de ahí obtuvo después el número de cartolas consultadas, pero nadie lo miraba buscando documentos de clientes. Una revisión periódica de qué hay publicado en los servidores públicos, o una alerta cuando se accede a un archivo que nunca debió ser público, habría acortado un año y medio a días. Quien se enteró primero fue un cliente. En cualquier programa de cumplimiento, eso quiere decir que el control de detección no existía.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":522,"children":523},{},[524],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":525,"children":528},{"alt":526,"src":527},"El camino de un archivo de cliente desde que se genera hasta que queda en un servidor público, con el control que habría impedido la publicación y el que la habría detectado","/images/diagramas/cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":530,"children":532},{"id":531},"lo-que-anticipa-la-ley-21719",[533],{"type":40,"value":534},"Lo que anticipa la Ley 21.719",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":536,"children":537},{},[538],{"type":40,"value":539},"Volvamos ahora a la pregunta del comienzo, porque la ley de datos la hará con todas sus letras. La Ley 21.719 entra en vigencia el 1 de diciembre de 2026, fecha que sigue mandando mientras no se apruebe el proyecto que propone postergarla un año. El artículo 14 quinquies que esa ley incorpora al régimen de datos personales obliga al responsable a adoptar medidas técnicas y organizativas apropiadas al riesgo, entre ellas un proceso de verificación, evaluación y valoración regulares de su eficacia, y agrega que ante un incidente de seguridad corresponderá al responsable acreditar la existencia y el funcionamiento de esas medidas. El artículo 14 sexies obliga a reportar a la Agencia las vulneraciones que ocasionen la comunicación o el acceso no autorizado a datos personales, cuando exista un riesgo razonable para los titulares, y cuando se trata de datos relativos a obligaciones de carácter económico, financiero o bancario exige además comunicarlo a cada titular afectado.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":541,"children":543},{"type":542},"warning",[544],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":545,"children":546},{},[547],{"type":40,"value":548},"Una cartola de movimientos de un fondo es, con toda probabilidad, un dato relativo a obligaciones de carácter financiero. Bajo la Ley 21.719, un incidente como este exigirá reportar a la Agencia y comunicar a cada titular afectado, en lenguaje claro, qué datos quedaron expuestos y qué medidas se adoptaron.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":550,"children":551},{},[552,554,560,562,568,570,576,578,584],{"type":40,"value":553},"No pretendemos anticipar cómo sancionará la Agencia, cuyas facultades todavía no rigen. Sí nos parece claro que la ley pondrá la carga de la prueba del lado del responsable, y que demostrar un control de detección exige que ese control exista antes del incidente y deje registro de su funcionamiento. En ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":555,"children":557},{"href":556},"/blog/ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos/",[558],{"type":40,"value":559},"el oficial de cumplimiento como tratante de datos",{"type":40,"value":561}," mostramos que las carpetas de debida diligencia son ellas mismas tratamiento de datos, y en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":563,"children":565},{"href":564},"/blog/llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos/",[566],{"type":40,"value":567},"llegar a diciembre",{"type":40,"value":569}," propusimos una hoja de ruta que incluye la respuesta ante brechas. Detrás de cada una de esas 46 cartolas hay una ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":571,"children":573},{"href":572},"/blog/persona-detras-del-dato/",[574],{"type":40,"value":575},"persona",{"type":40,"value":577}," que nunca autorizó que su saldo fuera público, y la CMF, que ya venía ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":579,"children":581},{"href":580},"/blog/cmf-alineacion-circular-62/",[582],{"type":40,"value":583},"alineando su normativa con la Circular 62",{"type":40,"value":585}," de la UAF, acaba de mostrar que no espera a la Agencia para exigir custodia.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":587,"children":589},{"id":588},"pregonado-en-los-terrados",[590],{"type":40,"value":591},"Pregonado en los terrados",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":593,"children":594},{},[595],{"type":40,"value":596},"El Evangelio de Lucas advierte que lo que se dijo al oído en las cámaras será pregonado en los terrados, y la frase describe con inquietante exactitud lo que le ocurre a un dato confiado a una institución cuando falla la custodia. El cliente entregó su información en la reserva de una relación financiera, y la encontró publicada en el techo más alto de la ciudad, que hoy es un buscador. ¿Quién se habría dado cuenta si ese cliente no reclamaba? Esa es la pregunta que este caso deja abierta, y que conviene hacerse antes de que la haga la Agencia.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":598,"children":599},{},[600],{"type":40,"value":601},"Cerrar la puerta es la mitad del trabajo. La otra mitad es volver cada día a comprobar que sigue cerrada.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":603,"children":604},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":606,"children":607},{},[608,610,614],{"type":40,"value":609},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría, con los datos de sus clientes en un sistema on-premise que la propia institución controla. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":611,"children":612},{"href":218},[613],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":615}," sobre cómo encaja la documentación de su programa de cumplimiento con el deber de seguridad de la Ley 21.719.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":617},[618,619,620,621],{"id":476,"depth":225,"text":479},{"id":497,"depth":225,"text":500},{"id":531,"depth":225,"text":534},{"id":588,"depth":225,"text":591},"content:blog:cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos.md","blog/cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos.md","blog/cmf-multa-cartolas-expuestas-seguridad-datos",{"_path":626,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":627,"description":628,"category":629,"readTime":12,"date":630,"author":14,"tags":631,"image":634,"body":635,"_type":233,"_id":815,"_source":235,"_file":816,"_stem":817,"_extension":238},"/blog/pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito","Ciento noventa y seis transferencias y una cuenta de tránsito","Una querella del CDE contra un alcalde describe pagos de contratistas y una cuenta puente. Qué señales deja ese patrón en el monitoreo de un PEP municipal.","PEP","2026-10-20",[629,632,246,633,21,249],"Debida Diligencia Reforzada","Cohecho","/images/blog/pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito.jpg",{"type":24,"children":636,"toc":809},[637,660,665,670,676,681,686,691,697,702,707,712,720,724,737,742,753,768,779,785,790,795,798],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":638,"children":639},{},[640,648],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":641,"children":642},{},[643],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":644,"children":645},{},[646],{"type":40,"value":647},"\"Si acaso doblares la vara de la justicia, no sea con el peso de la dádiva, sino con el de la misericordia.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":649,"children":650},{},[651,653,658],{"type":40,"value":652},"Miguel de Cervantes, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":654,"children":655},{},[656],{"type":40,"value":657},"Don Quijote de la Mancha",{"type":40,"value":659},", segunda parte, capítulo XLII",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":661,"children":662},{},[663],{"type":40,"value":664},"Este mes el Consejo de Defensa del Estado presentó una querella contra un alcalde que describe 196 transferencias recibidas entre 2017 y 2024, pagadas desde el entorno de contratistas de su propio municipio. Cuando se habla de personas expuestas políticamente la imaginación suele irse hacia arriba, a ministros, parlamentarios y embajadores, como si el riesgo creciera con la altura del cargo. La normativa chilena no piensa así. La Unidad de Análisis Financiero incluye entre las categorías mínimas de PEP a alcaldes, concejales, administradores y directores de obras municipales, que son precisamente quienes deciden a diario contratos, permisos y pagos en su territorio.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":666,"children":667},{},[668],{"type":40,"value":669},"La querella permite mirar de cerca qué deja en las cuentas bancarias una relación indebida entre una autoridad municipal y sus contratistas, y sobre todo qué rastro deja el intento de borrarla. ¿Qué debería haber visto quien monitorea esas cuentas, y cuándo? Partamos por lo que describe el escrito.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":671,"children":673},{"id":672},"lo-que-describe-la-querella",[674],{"type":40,"value":675},"Lo que describe la querella",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":40,"value":680},"Según informó T13 el 15 de octubre de 2026, el Consejo de Defensa del Estado presentó una querella por cohecho agravado reiterado y lavado de activos contra un alcalde de la Región de Los Ríos. La querella describe que la Fiscalía investigó 196 transferencias recibidas por el alcalde entre 2017 y 2024, que suman $134,8 millones, y que de ese total el CDE atribuye $26,2 millones a cohecho, recursos que según el escrito habrían sido blanqueados mediante gastos y giros bancarios. Los pagos provenían del entorno de contratistas municipales, y la investigación se concentra en cuatro rutas en que la entrega del dinero coincide en fechas con contratos u obras aprobados por el municipio.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684],{"type":40,"value":685},"Las rutas tienen formas distintas, y cada una enseña algo. En la primera, entre 2017 y 2019, una trabajadora de una constructora hizo 20 transferencias a la cuenta personal del alcalde, por orden directa del dueño de la empresa, por un total de $15.060.000. El alcalde sostuvo que correspondían a asesorías privadas, y el CDE responde que no constan contratos, informes, boletas de honorarios ni facturas que las acrediten. En otra, un intermediario canalizó $5.500.000 desde un empresario después de que se pidiera dinero «para el Alcalde». En una tercera, el representante de una productora transfirió $3 millones a la cuenta del alcalde en enero de 2020, justo después de que la empresa se adjudicara un contrato municipal por $85 millones.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":687,"children":688},{},[689],{"type":40,"value":690},"Conviene subrayarlo desde ya. Se trata de una querella y de una investigación en curso, no de una condena, y lo que el escrito afirma deberá probarse ante el tribunal. La formalización del alcalde y de otras seis personas estaba fijada, según T13, para el lunes 19 de octubre.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":692,"children":694},{"id":693},"la-cuenta-de-tránsito",[695],{"type":40,"value":696},"La cuenta de tránsito",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":698,"children":699},{},[700],{"type":40,"value":701},"La cuarta ruta es la que da título a este artículo. Según la querella, en 2022 hubo cinco operaciones en que un empresario contratista transfirió fondos a la cuenta de una persona cercana al alcalde, que los reenviaba a la autoridad el mismo día o al día siguiente, por un total de $5.700.000. El CDE califica esa cuenta como una cuenta de tránsito, usada para disimular el origen de los recursos y quebrar la trazabilidad entre el contratista municipal y la autoridad.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":703,"children":704},{},[705],{"type":40,"value":706},"La figura es antigua. Es el puente que nadie cruza para quedarse, y que existe solo para que el viajero aparezca en la otra orilla sin que se vea de dónde partió.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":708,"children":709},{},[710],{"type":40,"value":711},"Aquí está, a nuestro juicio, la lección menos evidente del caso. La definición mínima de la UAF extiende la condición de PEP al cónyuge, al conviviente civil y a los parientes hasta el segundo grado. Una persona cercana que no tenga ninguno de esos vínculos formales no aparece en esa enumeración, y por lo tanto no la detectará ninguna consulta de listas. Sin embargo, deja un patrón, y ese patrón es visible para el banco que lleva la cuenta, porque una cuenta que recibe de un contratista y reenvía casi el mismo monto a una autoridad municipal el mismo día o al siguiente tiene una forma reconocible aunque los nombres no le digan nada al sistema.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":713,"children":714},{},[715],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":716,"children":719},{"alt":717,"src":718},"El recorrido del dinero desde el contratista municipal hasta la autoridad, directo o a través de una cuenta de tránsito, con la señal de alerta que deja cada tramo","/images/diagramas/pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":721,"children":722},{"id":333},[723],{"type":40,"value":336},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":725,"children":726},{},[727,729,735],{"type":40,"value":728},"Veamos el recorrido tramo por tramo. El primero, el pago directo del contratista a la autoridad, es el más fácil de ver para quien ya tiene identificado al cliente como PEP, porque la UAF exige medidas razonables para conocer la fuente de los fondos y una debida diligencia continua e intensificada sobre la relación. Un abono recurrente desde una empresa que contrata con el mismo municipio, o desde una persona que paga por cuenta de esa empresa, pide que alguien pregunte qué servicio lo justifica. Una respuesta que habla de asesorías sin ningún documento que las respalde es en sí misma una señal. Nuestra guía de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":730,"children":732},{"href":731},"/blog/ddc-reforzada-cuando-aplicar/",[733],{"type":40,"value":734},"debida diligencia reforzada",{"type":40,"value":736}," describe qué preguntar y qué documentar en esos casos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":738,"children":739},{},[740],{"type":40,"value":741},"El segundo tramo, del contratista a la cuenta de tránsito, es invisible si se mira la cuenta aislada, porque para el banco de esa persona cercana se trata de un abono más. Se vuelve visible cuando el monitoreo mira la velocidad, es decir, abonos que salen casi completos en el mismo día o el siguiente, hacia un mismo destinatario y sin relación con la actividad declarada del titular.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":743,"children":744},{},[745,747,751],{"type":40,"value":746},"El tercer tramo, de la cuenta de tránsito a la autoridad, cierra el círculo. Es donde el banco de la autoridad puede preguntarse por qué un tercero sin actividad económica que lo explique le transfiere sumas regulares. Ninguna de estas señales es prueba de nada por separado, y casi todas aparecen en nuestra lista de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":748,"children":749},{"href":151},[750],{"type":40,"value":154},{"type":40,"value":752},". Su valor está en la coincidencia con un calendario de adjudicaciones municipales, que es información pública.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":754,"children":755},{"type":171},[756],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":757,"children":758},{},[759,761,767],{"type":40,"value":760},"La UAF exige que los sujetos obligados mantengan, por un plazo mínimo de cinco años, un registro de las operaciones realizadas con PEP, y que la relación con una PEP cuente con la aprobación de la alta gerencia. Si quiere repasar quiénes son PEP según la Circular N°62, lo explicamos en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":762,"children":764},{"href":763},"/blog/pep-quienes-son/",[765],{"type":40,"value":766},"PEP, quiénes son",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":769,"children":770},{},[771,773,777],{"type":40,"value":772},"Un monitoreo que solo marca montos altos no ve nada de esto, porque ninguna de las operaciones descritas es enorme. Lo que hace visible el patrón es la combinación de quién paga, cuándo paga y adónde va el dinero después, y eso exige reglas de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":774,"children":775},{"href":377},[776],{"type":40,"value":380},{"type":40,"value":778}," pensadas para la forma de las operaciones y no solo para su tamaño.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":780,"children":782},{"id":781},"el-peso-de-la-dádiva",[783],{"type":40,"value":784},"El peso de la dádiva",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":786,"children":787},{},[788],{"type":40,"value":789},"Don Quijote, antes de que Sancho parta a gobernar su ínsula, le aconseja que si alguna vez dobla la vara de la justicia no sea con el peso de la dádiva. El consejo es para el gobernante, pero el peso de la dádiva también se nota afuera, en las cuentas por donde pasa, y quien las monitorea es a veces el único que puede verlo antes que un tribunal. La cuenta de tránsito existe para que la dádiva llegue sin dejar huella. Por eso la huella que más importa no es el nombre de quien la recibe sino el camino que recorre el dinero.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":791,"children":792},{},[793],{"type":40,"value":794},"Un nombre puede esconderse detrás de otro. El camino del dinero cuesta mucho más esconderlo.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":796,"children":797},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":799,"children":800},{},[801,803,807],{"type":40,"value":802},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones, apoya la debida diligencia reforzada de los clientes que lo requieren y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":804,"children":805},{"href":218},[806],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":808}," sobre cómo monitorea hoy su institución a las autoridades municipales y a quienes les transfieren dinero.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":810},[811,812,813,814],{"id":672,"depth":225,"text":675},{"id":693,"depth":225,"text":696},{"id":333,"depth":225,"text":336},{"id":781,"depth":225,"text":784},"content:blog:pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito.md","blog/pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito.md","blog/pep-municipal-transferencias-cuenta-transito",{"_path":819,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":820,"description":821,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":822,"author":14,"tags":823,"image":827,"body":828,"_type":233,"_id":1005,"_source":235,"_file":1006,"_stem":1007,"_extension":238},"/blog/alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos","Alertas que nadie revisa y una sanción de US$1.210 millones","El Tesoro sancionó a un gran banco por alertas acumuladas, mal priorizadas y listas atrasadas. Cómo se ven esas fallas en un sujeto obligado chileno.","2026-10-19",[246,824,825,826,248,11],"Alertas","OFAC","Sanciones","/images/blog/alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":829,"toc":999},[830,846,851,856,862,867,872,877,883,888,893,898,903,911,917,922,927,953,969,975,980,985,988],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":831,"children":832},{},[833,841],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":834,"children":835},{},[836],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":837,"children":838},{},[839],{"type":40,"value":840},"\"El sonido de la corneta oyó, y no se apercibió; su sangre será sobre él: mas el que se apercibiere, librará su vida.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":842,"children":843},{},[844],{"type":40,"value":845},"Ezequiel 33, 5",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":847,"children":848},{},[849],{"type":40,"value":850},"El 13 de octubre de 2026 el Tesoro de Estados Unidos anunció sanciones por más de US$1.210 millones contra uno de los bancos más grandes de ese país. Lo llamativo no es el monto. Buena parte de lo que se le reprocha no ocurrió antes de las alertas sino después, en el tramo donde la alerta ya existe y nadie la mira, o la mira tarde, o la mira con una prioridad que no le corresponde.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":852,"children":853},{},[854],{"type":40,"value":855},"Como bien sabemos, la mayor parte del esfuerzo de un programa de cumplimiento se va en detectar, afinando reglas y multiplicando escenarios de monitoreo. Sin embargo, este caso arroja luces sobre lo que pasa al día siguiente. ¿Cuánto tiempo transcurre en su institución entre que una alerta nace y alguien la abre de verdad? Veamos primero qué sancionó el Tesoro, y después cómo se ve ese mismo tramo dentro de un sujeto obligado chileno.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":857,"children":859},{"id":858},"lo-que-sancionó-el-tesoro",[860],{"type":40,"value":861},"Lo que sancionó el Tesoro",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":863,"children":864},{},[865],{"type":40,"value":866},"La Red de Control de Delitos Financieros, FinCEN, impuso una multa de US$1.200 millones. La Oficina del Contralor de la Moneda, OCC, aplicó una multa civil de US$750 millones, y la Oficina de Control de Activos Extranjeros, OFAC, cerró un acuerdo por US$11,6 millones por 475 violaciones aparentes de distintos programas de sanciones. Las cifras no se suman sin más, porque la orden de FinCEN descuenta de su multa lo que el banco pague a la OCC, y de ahí que el total quede algo por encima de los mil doscientos millones.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":868,"children":869},{},[870],{"type":40,"value":871},"Según el Tesoro, el banco dependía de requerimientos de las autoridades y de derivaciones de otras instituciones financieras, en lugar de sus propios controles automáticos, para identificar actividad potencialmente sospechosa. La orden de FinCEN precisa que durante varios años más de un tercio de sus investigaciones nacía de esos avisos externos. La actividad sospechosa se acumulaba sin investigar por períodos prolongados, que la misma orden describe como a menudo superiores a un año, y el resultado fue que el banco no reportó a tiempo más de US$5.000 millones en transacciones sospechosas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":873,"children":874},{},[875],{"type":40,"value":876},"La orden documenta además un detalle de diseño que conviene leer despacio. Las alertas se agrupaban por cliente, y el grupo pasaba a investigación solo si alcanzaba un puntaje dentro de una ventana de trece meses. Las alertas más antiguas dejaban de sumar, como el agua que se evapora de un estanque antes de que alguien llegue a medir cuánto ha llovido.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":878,"children":880},{"id":879},"tres-fallas-en-las-sanciones",[881],{"type":40,"value":882},"Tres fallas en las sanciones",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":884,"children":885},{},[886],{"type":40,"value":887},"El acuerdo con OFAC cubre violaciones ocurridas entre el 18 de septiembre de 2021 y el 24 de abril de 2025, y tres de sus capítulos hablan directamente de alertas y listas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":889,"children":890},{},[891],{"type":40,"value":892},"El primero es de priorización. Por un defecto en la lógica de su sistema de screening de relaciones, las alertas de clientes cuyo nombre y fecha de nacimiento coincidían exactamente con los de una persona bloqueada se clasificaban como de prioridad baja o media, en lugar de alta. La revisión se demoró, y tres personas designadas hicieron 31 transacciones por US$56.258 entre septiembre de 2021 y febrero de 2024 con sus cuentas o tarjetas del banco.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":894,"children":895},{},[896],{"type":40,"value":897},"El segundo es de latencia. Entre el 24 de mayo y el 28 de junio de 2023, por un error humano de un proveedor externo, el archivo de listas que el banco usaba para el screening no reflejó los cambios en la lista de OFAC, y el banco procesó seis transacciones por US$100.828 con entidades designadas. Se enteró en julio, cuando otro banco bloqueó uno de esos pagos más abajo en la cadena. El 7 de febrero de 2025 la actualización con las designaciones del día anterior volvió a fallar, esta vez por problemas técnicos propios, y ese mismo día pasaron 26 transacciones por US$146.543 a nombre de una empresa de gestión naviera designada. OFAC recuerda que cada organización sigue siendo responsable de su propio cumplimiento aunque descanse en un proveedor.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":899,"children":900},{},[901],{"type":40,"value":902},"El tercero es más sutil, y es interesante notar que nació de una buena intención. Una regla de supresión liberaba de forma automática ciertas alertas cuando se basaban exactamente en los mismos criterios que otra alerta descartada antes como falso positivo, y así pasaron pagos que involucraban bancos ya bloqueados. OFAC no aplicó ninguna rebaja a la multa base, ni por medidas correctivas ni por cooperación.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":904,"children":905},{},[906],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":907,"children":910},{"alt":908,"src":909},"La vida de una alerta en cinco etapas, generación, priorización, revisión, decisión y reporte, con la falla que el Tesoro describe en cada una","/images/diagramas/alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":912,"children":914},{"id":913},"cómo-se-ve-esto-en-un-sujeto-obligado-chileno",[915],{"type":40,"value":916},"Cómo se ve esto en un sujeto obligado chileno",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":918,"children":919},{},[920],{"type":40,"value":921},"La escala de ese banco no tiene equivalente útil entre nosotros, y no tiene sentido comparar montos. Sin embargo, las fallas no dependen del tamaño. Permítanos proponerle tres preguntas que cualquier oficial de cumplimiento puede hacerse esta semana sin necesidad de un consultor.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":923,"children":924},{},[925],{"type":40,"value":926},"La primera es qué criterio ordena hoy su bandeja de alertas, y si una coincidencia exacta en nombre y fecha de nacimiento contra una lista de sanciones queda por encima de una coincidencia parcial de nombre, o si ambas esperan en la misma fila. La segunda es cuánto tiempo pasa entre que OFAC o el Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas publican una designación y el momento en que su sistema consulta la cartera contra la lista nueva, medido en horas y no supuesto, y quién se entera si un día la actualización no llega. La tercera es qué alertas se cierran sin que nadie las mire, sea por reglas de supresión, por umbrales o por antigüedad, y si alguien revisa de vez en cuando lo que esas reglas están dejando pasar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":928,"children":929},{},[930,932,937,939,945,947,951],{"type":40,"value":931},"Nos da la impresión, por lo que vemos al acompañar programas de cumplimiento, de que la tercera pregunta es la que menos respuestas tiene. En el artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":933,"children":934},{"href":377},[935],{"type":40,"value":936},"monitoreo transaccional y gestión de alertas",{"type":40,"value":938}," describimos el recorrido completo desde el dato hasta la decisión, y en el de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":940,"children":942},{"href":941},"/blog/listas-sanciones-ofac-onu/",[943],{"type":40,"value":944},"listas de sanciones OFAC y ONU",{"type":40,"value":946}," la relación de esas listas con las obligaciones de los sujetos obligados. Lo que este caso agrega es la necesidad de dejar registro de cada etapa, de modo que la institución pueda mostrar qué se revisó, cuándo y con qué resultado, y también qué no se revisó y por qué. Un ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":948,"children":949},{"href":390},[950],{"type":40,"value":393},{"type":40,"value":952}," que llega un año después de los hechos cumple la forma y pierde casi todo su valor, porque la información que la autoridad necesitaba ya envejeció.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":954,"children":955},{"type":171},[956],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":957,"children":958},{},[959,961,967],{"type":40,"value":960},"La latencia de las listas no es un problema teórico. A propósito de la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":962,"children":964},{"href":963},"/blog/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos/",[965],{"type":40,"value":966},"designación de OFAC del 30 de septiembre",{"type":40,"value":968}," describimos el camino desde la publicación hasta la decisión sobre un cliente. Este caso muestra lo que pasa cuando ese camino se corta en el primer tramo durante más de un mes sin que nadie lo note.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":970,"children":972},{"id":971},"la-corneta-que-sonó",[973],{"type":40,"value":974},"La corneta que sonó",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":976,"children":977},{},[978],{"type":40,"value":979},"El profeta Ezequiel describe al atalaya que ve venir la espada y toca la corneta, y distingue con mucha precisión dos culpas. Si el atalaya calla, la responsabilidad es suya. Si toca la corneta y el pueblo la oye y no se apercibe, la sangre cae sobre quien oyó. En este caso los sistemas sonaron muchas veces, y lo que falló fue la institución que oía, que clasificó el sonido como rumor, lo dejó para después o lo silenció porque se parecía a otro que ya había resultado falso. Un programa de cumplimiento se mide por lo que hace con la alarma cuando suena, y eso solo se puede demostrar si quedó escrito.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":981,"children":982},{},[983],{"type":40,"value":984},"La alarma no protege a nadie por sonar. Protege cuando alguien la oye y deja constancia de lo que hizo.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":986,"children":987},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":989,"children":990},{},[991,993,997],{"type":40,"value":992},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones nacionales e internacionales, levanta las alertas de coincidencia y deja registrada cada revisión, con su fecha y su resultado, para la auditoría. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":994,"children":995},{"href":218},[996],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":998}," sobre cuánto tarda hoy su institución en revisar una alerta y en procesar una lista nueva.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1000},[1001,1002,1003,1004],{"id":858,"depth":225,"text":861},{"id":879,"depth":225,"text":882},{"id":913,"depth":225,"text":916},{"id":971,"depth":225,"text":974},"content:blog:alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos.md","blog/alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos.md","blog/alertas-sin-revisar-sancion-banco-estados-unidos",{"_path":1009,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1010,"description":1011,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":1012,"author":14,"tags":1013,"image":1017,"body":1018,"_type":233,"_id":1183,"_source":235,"_file":1184,"_stem":1185,"_extension":238},"/blog/claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado","Claves del SII prestadas para cobrar boletas falsas de honorarios","Una condena confirmada en La Serena describe a personas que prestaban su clave del SII y devolvían el pago. Qué deja ese esquema en las cuentas que lo reciben.","2026-10-14",[1014,1015,21,1016,246,11],"Boletas de Honorarios","Fraude al Fisco","Señales de Alerta","/images/blog/claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1019,"toc":1177},[1020,1043,1048,1053,1059,1064,1084,1092,1098,1103,1128,1141,1147,1152,1158,1163,1166],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1021,"children":1022},{},[1023,1031],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1024,"children":1025},{},[1026],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1027,"children":1028},{},[1029],{"type":40,"value":1030},"\"Pues que da y quita el decoro y quebranta cualquier fuero, poderoso caballero es don Dinero.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1032,"children":1033},{},[1034,1036,1041],{"type":40,"value":1035},"Francisco de Quevedo, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1037,"children":1038},{},[1039],{"type":40,"value":1040},"Poderoso caballero es don Dinero",{"type":40,"value":1042},", letrilla satírica",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1044,"children":1045},{},[1046],{"type":40,"value":1047},"Pocas cosas parecen tan inofensivas como prestarle a alguien la clave del Servicio de Impuestos Internos para que emita una boleta de honorarios a nombre propio, con la promesa de que el pago llegará a la cuenta del titular y que este solo tendrá que devolverlo. Quien acepta suele pensar que hace un favor menor, y no imagina que su nombre, su clave y su cuenta bancaria pasan a ser las piezas de un circuito diseñado para sacar dinero público sin dejar rastro.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1049,"children":1050},{},[1051],{"type":40,"value":1052},"Ese circuito es el que describe una condena confirmada a comienzos de este mes. Según informó Diario El Día el 5 de octubre de 2026, la Corte de Apelaciones de La Serena rechazó los recursos de nulidad de tres condenados y confirmó las penas que les había impuesto el Tribunal de Juicio Oral en lo Penal de La Serena por fraude al fisco y lavado de activos, que incluyen cuatro años de presidio efectivo. La pregunta que nos interesa es qué ve un banco, o cualquier sujeto obligado, en las cuentas de las personas que prestaron su clave, y qué señales deja un esquema así antes de que llegue a un tribunal.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1054,"children":1056},{"id":1055},"cómo-funcionaba-el-circuito",[1057],{"type":40,"value":1058},"Cómo funcionaba el circuito",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1060,"children":1061},{},[1062],{"type":40,"value":1063},"La sentencia de primera instancia estableció que, entre diciembre de 2019 y 2024, los condenados participaron en un mecanismo para obtener pagos improcedentes desde el departamento de salud de una corporación municipal, mediante boletas de honorarios ideológicamente falsas e informes de actividades adulterados, por servicios que no se habían prestado. Una de las condenadas intervenía en la autorización de las boletas y en la validación de los informes. Otra reclutaba a personas externas para que facilitaran sus claves del SII y permitieran emitir las boletas, y esas personas recibían los depósitos y después transferían los fondos o los entregaban en efectivo. El tercer condenado incorporaba personas al esquema y usaba cuentas personales y sociedades comerciales para mover los recursos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1065,"children":1066},{},[1067,1069,1075,1077,1082],{"type":40,"value":1068},"El perjuicio fiscal acreditado por el tribunal superó los ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1071,"children":1072},"strong",{},[1073],{"type":40,"value":1074},"$762 millones",{"type":40,"value":1076},", y la investigación detectó movimientos bancarios por cerca de ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1078,"children":1079},{},[1080],{"type":40,"value":1081},"$1.700 millones",{"type":40,"value":1083},", considerando transferencias entre cuentas personales, de terceros y de sociedades comerciales, además de retiros de dinero en efectivo. La diferencia entre ambas cifras se explica, al menos en parte, porque los movimientos incluyen transferencias sucesivas entre cuentas, que es como trabaja un lavado cuando mueve el mismo dinero varias veces para que cada paso parezca razonable por sí solo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1085,"children":1086},{},[1087],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1088,"children":1091},{"alt":1089,"src":1090},"El circuito del dinero, del pago de la boleta a la cuenta de quien prestó su clave y de ahí a la transferencia o al retiro en efectivo, con la señal de alerta que deja cada paso","/images/diagramas/claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1093,"children":1095},{"id":1094},"lo-que-se-ve-desde-la-cuenta-que-recibe-el-pago",[1096],{"type":40,"value":1097},"Lo que se ve desde la cuenta que recibe el pago",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1099,"children":1100},{},[1101],{"type":40,"value":1102},"Un pago de honorarios desde una institución pública hacia una persona natural es, en sí mismo, una operación normal, y miles de ellos ocurren cada mes sin que haya nada que observar. Lo que vuelve visible un esquema como este es la combinación de rasgos que se repiten, y que un monitoreo bien calibrado puede reconocer aunque ninguno sea concluyente por separado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1104,"children":1105},{},[1106,1108,1113,1115,1120,1122,1126],{"type":40,"value":1107},"La primera señal está en la relación entre el pago y el perfil del cliente. Una persona sin actividad profesional declarada en el área que recibe pagos periódicos por honorarios de una entidad de salud presenta una inconsistencia que la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1109,"children":1110},{"href":138},[1111],{"type":40,"value":1112},"debida diligencia",{"type":40,"value":1114}," debería poder detectar si el perfil está actualizado. La segunda está en lo que ocurre después del abono, porque el dinero que se transfiere casi completo a otra cuenta, o que se retira en efectivo pocas horas después de llegar, rara vez corresponde a un ingreso que su titular vaya a usar. La tercera solo aparece cuando se mira más allá de una cuenta, y es la convergencia, es decir, varias personas sin relación aparente entre sí que reciben pagos del mismo pagador y envían los fondos al mismo destino. Esa clase de patrón es la que describen las ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1116,"children":1117},{"href":151},[1118],{"type":40,"value":1119},"señales de alerta",{"type":40,"value":1121}," asociadas al uso de cuentas de terceros, y la que un buen ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1123,"children":1124},{"href":377},[1125],{"type":40,"value":380},{"type":40,"value":1127}," está en condiciones de levantar.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1129,"children":1130},{"type":171},[1131],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1132,"children":1133},{},[1134,1136,1140],{"type":40,"value":1135},"La fuente de este caso no dice que la investigación haya comenzado por un reporte a la Unidad de Análisis Financiero, y no corresponde suponerlo. La relación con el monitoreo la proponemos nosotros, porque las señales que deja el esquema son de las que un sujeto obligado puede ver en sus propias cuentas y, si las considera sospechosas, informar mediante un ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1137,"children":1138},{"href":390},[1139],{"type":40,"value":393},{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1142,"children":1144},{"id":1143},"quien-presta-la-clave",[1145],{"type":40,"value":1146},"Quien presta la clave",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1148,"children":1149},{},[1150],{"type":40,"value":1151},"La parte del esquema que más conviene subrayar es la de las personas externas que facilitaban su clave. La nota no informa si alguna de ellas fue imputada, y no corresponde suponer nada al respecto, pero su papel en el circuito es central. Sin su clave no había boleta, sin su cuenta no había depósito y sin su transferencia o su retiro el dinero no llegaba a destino. Desde la perspectiva de un banco, esas personas son clientes comunes que de pronto empiezan a comportarse como intermediarios, y es en ese cambio de comportamiento, más que en la operación aislada, donde está la oportunidad de detectarlo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1153,"children":1155},{"id":1154},"el-poder-de-don-dinero",[1156],{"type":40,"value":1157},"El poder de don Dinero",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1159,"children":1160},{},[1161],{"type":40,"value":1162},"Quevedo escribió que don Dinero da y quita el decoro y quebranta cualquier fuero, y la letrilla, escrita con la ironía de quien conocía bien su siglo, conserva una vigencia incómoda. El dinero de este caso salió de una institución pública, pasó por personas que creyeron hacer un favor y terminó en cuentas y en efectivo lejos de su destino, quebrantando en el camino los controles que debían detenerlo. Lo que un sujeto obligado puede oponerle es modesto pero efectivo, y consiste en mirar las cuentas de sus clientes con la suficiente atención como para notar cuándo una de ellas empezó a servir a otro.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":1164,"children":1165},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1167,"children":1168},{},[1169,1171,1175],{"type":40,"value":1170},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones sobre sus clientes y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría, de modo que su equipo tenga el perfil actualizado con el que comparar lo que ocurre en cada cuenta. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1172,"children":1173},{"href":218},[1174],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":1176}," sobre cómo se conectan hoy sus alertas con su debida diligencia.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1178},[1179,1180,1181,1182],{"id":1055,"depth":225,"text":1058},{"id":1094,"depth":225,"text":1097},{"id":1143,"depth":225,"text":1146},{"id":1154,"depth":225,"text":1157},"content:blog:claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado.md","blog/claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado.md","blog/claves-sii-prestadas-boletas-honorarios-lavado",{"_path":1187,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1188,"description":1189,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":1190,"author":14,"tags":1191,"image":1195,"body":1196,"_type":233,"_id":1353,"_source":235,"_file":1354,"_stem":1355,"_extension":238},"/blog/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos","Una designación de OFAC y lo que tiene que pasar en su sistema","OFAC designó once objetivos ligados a un fraude con cajeros automáticos. Qué debe ocurrir en una institución chilena desde la publicación hasta la decisión.","2026-10-13",[825,826,1192,1193,1194,11],"Screening","Criptoactivos","Financiamiento del Terrorismo","/images/blog/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1197,"toc":1347},[1198,1214,1219,1224,1230,1242,1255,1261,1266,1279,1287,1295,1301,1306,1317,1322,1328,1333,1336],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1199,"children":1200},{},[1201,1209],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1202,"children":1203},{},[1204],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1205,"children":1206},{},[1207],{"type":40,"value":1208},"\"Velad pues, porque no sabéis cuándo el señor de la casa vendrá; si á la tarde, ó á la media noche, ó al canto del gallo, ó á la mañana.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1210,"children":1211},{},[1212],{"type":40,"value":1213},"Evangelio según San Marcos 13, 35",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1215,"children":1216},{},[1217],{"type":40,"value":1218},"Las listas de sanciones tienen una propiedad que se olvida con facilidad cuando se las mira desde un procedimiento escrito, y es que no avisan. Una persona que ayer pasó el screening sin observaciones puede amanecer hoy designada, y la institución que la tiene como cliente no recibe ninguna notificación personal. Recibe, en el mejor de los casos, una actualización de la lista en su sistema, y lo que ocurra después depende enteramente de cómo esté armado ese proceso.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1220,"children":1221},{},[1222],{"type":40,"value":1223},"El 30 de septiembre de 2026 la Oficina de Control de Activos Extranjeros del Tesoro de Estados Unidos ofreció un ejemplo nítido. Ese día designó diez objetivos vinculados a una red de fraude de una organización criminal transnacional de origen venezolano, ocho personas y dos empresas con sede en México, y por separado a un dirigente de esa misma organización que dirige operaciones en varios países sudamericanos, once en total. Más que la red, nos interesa lo que una designación así tendría que poner en movimiento dentro de una institución chilena, desde el momento en que OFAC la publica hasta el momento en que alguien toma una decisión sobre un cliente.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1225,"children":1227},{"id":1226},"lo-que-describe-la-designación",[1228],{"type":40,"value":1229},"Lo que describe la designación",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1231,"children":1232},{},[1233,1235,1240],{"type":40,"value":1234},"Según el comunicado del Tesoro, la red se dedicaba al llamado jackpotting, un ataque en que los delincuentes vigilan cajeros automáticos, los abren, instalan un programa malicioso, lo activan de forma remota y ordenan al cajero entregar todo su efectivo sin debitar ninguna cuenta. Lo obtenido se transfería luego entre miembros y asociados de la organización para ocultar su origen, y entre otras vías la red usaba transacciones con criptomonedas. A agosto de 2025, las pérdidas reportadas por ataques de este tipo en Estados Unidos sumaban ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1236,"children":1237},{},[1238],{"type":40,"value":1239},"US$40,73 millones",{"type":40,"value":1241}," en más de 1.500 ataques.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1243,"children":1244},{},[1245,1247,1253],{"type":40,"value":1246},"La organización no era nueva para las listas. OFAC la había sancionado como organización criminal transnacional el 11 de julio de 2024, y el Departamento de Estado la había designado como organización terrorista extranjera el 20 de febrero de 2025, en la misma decisión que comentamos a propósito del ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1248,"children":1250},{"href":1249},"/blog/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo/",[1251],{"type":40,"value":1252},"Escudo de las Américas",{"type":40,"value":1254},". Las designaciones del 30 de septiembre se hicieron bajo las Órdenes Ejecutivas 13581 y 13224, y en la página de acciones recientes de OFAC las once entradas aparecen con las etiquetas SDGT y TCO.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1256,"children":1258},{"id":1257},"lo-que-trae-cada-entrada-de-la-lista",[1259],{"type":40,"value":1260},"Lo que trae cada entrada de la lista",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1262,"children":1263},{},[1264],{"type":40,"value":1265},"Hay un detalle de esa página que vale más que el comunicado para quien opera un sistema de screening. Además de nombres, las entradas nuevas incluyen fechas de nacimiento, nacionalidades, números de documentos de identidad de distintos países y, en siete de los once casos, direcciones de billeteras de criptomonedas en la red TRX. Cada entrada advierte además sobre el riesgo de sanciones secundarias asociado a la Orden Ejecutiva 13224.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1267,"children":1268},{},[1269,1271,1277],{"type":40,"value":1270},"Esa información cambia la manera de consultar. Un sistema que solo compara nombres encontrará coincidencias parciales, homónimos y variantes de transliteración, pero no podrá aprovechar el número de documento que confirmaría o descartaría una coincidencia, ni detectará una dirección de billetera que aparezca en una transferencia sin ningún nombre asociado. Para las instituciones que operan con activos virtuales, que en Chile son parte de una discusión que tratamos en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1272,"children":1274},{"href":1273},"/blog/criptomonedas-vasp-chile-uaf/",[1275],{"type":40,"value":1276},"criptomonedas y la UAF",{"type":40,"value":1278},", la dirección es a veces el único identificador disponible. El comunicado recuerda además que quedan bloqueadas las entidades de propiedad directa o indirecta, en un 50 por ciento o más, de personas bloqueadas, aunque no figuren con su propio nombre en la lista.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1280,"children":1281},{"type":542},[1282],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1283,"children":1284},{},[1285],{"type":40,"value":1286},"Las listas también cambian en el otro sentido. El mismo 30 de septiembre, OFAC eliminó entradas correspondientes a otros programas de sanciones. Un sistema que agrega designaciones pero no procesa las eliminaciones sigue generando coincidencias contra personas que ya no están sancionadas, con el costo operativo y comercial que eso supone.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1288,"children":1289},{},[1290],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1291,"children":1294},{"alt":1292,"src":1293},"El recorrido desde la publicación de OFAC hasta la decisión del sujeto obligado, con la actualización de la lista, la nueva consulta de la cartera, la coincidencia, la revisión y el reporte","/images/diagramas/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1296,"children":1298},{"id":1297},"del-aviso-de-ofac-a-la-decisión-sobre-un-cliente",[1299],{"type":40,"value":1300},"Del aviso de OFAC a la decisión sobre un cliente",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1302,"children":1303},{},[1304],{"type":40,"value":1305},"Lo que tiene que ocurrir dentro de la institución se puede describir en cinco pasos, y cada uno tiene su propio punto débil. El primero es que la lista se actualice en el sistema de consulta, ya sea por descarga directa o por medio de un proveedor, y la pregunta relevante es cuánto tiempo pasa entre la publicación y la actualización efectiva. El segundo es que la cartera completa se vuelva a consultar contra la lista actualizada, porque consultar solo a los clientes nuevos deja fuera justamente a quienes ya están dentro. El tercero es la coincidencia, que el sistema debe levantar comparando todos los identificadores disponibles y no solo el nombre.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1307,"children":1308},{},[1309,1311,1315],{"type":40,"value":1310},"El cuarto paso es la revisión, que es donde se decide si una coincidencia es real o un falso positivo, y donde conviene dejar escrito qué se comparó y por qué se resolvió de una u otra manera. El quinto es la decisión, que puede ir desde descartar la alerta hasta terminar la relación y, si corresponde, informar a la autoridad mediante un reporte de operación sospechosa. Nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1312,"children":1313},{"href":941},[1314],{"type":40,"value":944},{"type":40,"value":1316}," explica con más detalle cómo se relacionan esas listas con las obligaciones de los sujetos obligados chilenos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1318,"children":1319},{},[1320],{"type":40,"value":1321},"Conviene decirlo con precisión. Ninguna de las fuentes de esta designación menciona a Chile, y nada de lo anterior supone que la red opere aquí ni que alguno de los designados tenga vínculos con el país. El punto es otro, y vale para cualquier designación, porque una institución que no sabe cuánto tarda en procesar una actualización de la lista no sabe tampoco durante cuánto tiempo puede estar operando con una persona sancionada sin saberlo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1323,"children":1325},{"id":1324},"velar-a-cualquier-hora",[1326],{"type":40,"value":1327},"Velar a cualquier hora",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1329,"children":1330},{},[1331],{"type":40,"value":1332},"El Evangelio de Marcos pide velar porque no se sabe si el señor de la casa vendrá a la tarde, a la medianoche, al canto del gallo o a la mañana, y la advertencia describe con exactitud la relación de una institución con las listas de sanciones. OFAC publica cuando publica, y el sistema que la espera tiene que estar despierto a cualquier hora. Un programa de cumplimiento que vigila bien mide el tiempo que tarda en enterarse, y no solo el resultado de la última consulta.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":1334,"children":1335},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1337,"children":1338},{},[1339,1341,1345],{"type":40,"value":1340},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones nacionales e internacionales y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría, incluida la consulta periódica de la cartera completa. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1342,"children":1343},{"href":218},[1344],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":1346}," sobre cuánto tarda hoy su institución en procesar una designación nueva.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1348},[1349,1350,1351,1352],{"id":1226,"depth":225,"text":1229},{"id":1257,"depth":225,"text":1260},{"id":1297,"depth":225,"text":1300},{"id":1324,"depth":225,"text":1327},"content:blog:ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos.md","blog/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos.md","blog/ofac-designacion-fraude-cajeros-automaticos",{"_path":1357,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1358,"description":1359,"category":249,"readTime":12,"date":1360,"author":14,"tags":1361,"image":1365,"body":1366,"_type":233,"_id":1535,"_source":235,"_file":1536,"_stem":1537,"_extension":238},"/blog/lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros","Prestar el nombre o la cuenta también puede ser lavado de activos","Una condena por fraude de IVA exportador incluyó dos autoras de lavado culposo. Qué castiga esa figura y qué debe mirar quien abre y monitorea cuentas.","2026-10-12",[1362,249,16,1363,1364,11],"Lavado Culposo","Delitos Tributarios","Testaferros","/images/blog/lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1367,"toc":1529},[1368,1384,1389,1394,1400,1411,1416,1424,1430,1435,1440,1448,1453,1461,1467,1472,1504,1510,1515,1518],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1369,"children":1370},{},[1371,1379],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1372,"children":1373},{},[1374],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1375,"children":1376},{},[1377],{"type":40,"value":1378},"\"Hijo mío, si salieres fiador por tu amigo, si tocaste tu mano por el extraño, enlazado eres con las palabras de tu boca, y preso con las razones de tu boca.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1380,"children":1381},{},[1382],{"type":40,"value":1383},"Proverbios 6, 1-2",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1385,"children":1386},{},[1387],{"type":40,"value":1388},"Cuando se habla de lavado de activos, la imagen que suele aparecer es la del autor del delito que oculta sus ganancias con sofisticación, a través de sociedades interpuestas y operaciones que nadie entiende. La imagen es correcta pero incompleta, porque deja fuera a una figura que la ley chilena castiga desde hace años y que rara vez aparece en las conversaciones de cumplimiento, que es la de quien recibe, tiene o usa bienes de origen ilícito sin haber sabido de dónde venían, pero en circunstancias en que debió saberlo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1390,"children":1391},{},[1392],{"type":40,"value":1393},"Un caso conocido este mes la pone en primer plano. El Servicio de Impuestos Internos informó que el Octavo Juzgado de Garantía de Santiago condenó a cinco personas por una red de evasión tributaria y lavado de activos que operó entre 2017 y 2019, a partir de una querella de su Dirección Regional Metropolitana Santiago Oriente. Dos de esas cinco personas fueron condenadas como autoras de lavado de activos culposo. La pregunta que deja el caso para cualquier institución que abre y monitorea cuentas es tan incómoda como necesaria, porque obliga a preguntarse si la debida diligencia que se hace sobre quien comete el delito alcanza también a quienes, alrededor suyo, prestan el nombre.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1395,"children":1397},{"id":1396},"una-cadena-de-facturas-y-33-formularios",[1398],{"type":40,"value":1399},"Una cadena de facturas y 33 formularios",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1401,"children":1402},{},[1403,1405,1410],{"type":40,"value":1404},"Según los antecedentes que recoge la nota del SII, y que los condenados aceptaron en el juicio, el esquema consistió en traspasar crédito fiscal de IVA a través de una cadena de sociedades para obtener devoluciones a las que no se tenía derecho. Once sociedades de papel, sin capacidad material, técnica ni financiera para las operaciones que declaraban, emitieron 280 facturas falsas a una primera empresa. Esa empresa emitió 423 facturas falsas a una segunda, y la segunda emitió 1.218 a una exportadora, que entre enero de 2017 y julio de 2019 presentó 33 formularios de devolución de IVA exportador, el Formulario N° 3600, y obtuvo devoluciones por ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1406,"children":1407},{},[1408],{"type":40,"value":1409},"$9.673.213.539",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1412,"children":1413},{},[1414],{"type":40,"value":1415},"La falsedad de las facturas se acreditó por señales que cualquier analista reconocería, como direcciones ficticias, numeraciones inexistentes, lugares donde los representantes legales no eran conocidos y una desproporción absoluta entre las operaciones declaradas y la capacidad real de las sociedades. El tribunal estableció además que, para ocultar el origen ilícito de los fondos, los principales responsables recurrieron a testaferros, incluidos familiares directos, y a la adquisición de bienes raíces, vehículos y otros activos a nombre de sociedades y personas relacionadas. Entre los bienes decomisados figuran inmuebles, vehículos, dinero en efectivo y fondos retenidos en múltiples cuentas bancarias, y las multas impuestas a los principales responsables suman $19.346.427.078.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1417,"children":1418},{},[1419],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1420,"children":1423},{"alt":1421,"src":1422},"La cadena de facturas desde las once sociedades de papel hasta la exportadora, los 33 formularios de devolución y la salida del dinero hacia terceros, con el punto donde aparece el lavado culposo","/images/diagramas/lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1425,"children":1427},{"id":1426},"lo-que-castiga-el-lavado-culposo",[1428],{"type":40,"value":1429},"Lo que castiga el lavado culposo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1431,"children":1432},{},[1433],{"type":40,"value":1434},"Las condenas se dictaron por el artículo 97 N° 4 del Código Tributario y por el artículo 27 letras a) y b) de la Ley 19.913. La conexión entre ambos no es casual, porque el propio artículo 27 incluye el párrafo tercero del número 4º del artículo 97 del Código Tributario en su catálogo de delitos base, de manera que las devoluciones obtenidas con maniobras fraudulentas son bienes cuyo ocultamiento o aprovechamiento constituye lavado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1436,"children":1437},{},[1438],{"type":40,"value":1439},"La letra a) castiga a quien oculta o disimula el origen ilícito de esos bienes, y la letra b) a quien los adquiere, posee, tiene o usa con ánimo de lucro, cuando al momento de recibirlos ha conocido su origen ilícito. La figura culposa está en el inciso cuarto del mismo artículo, que en su texto vigente dispone lo siguiente.",{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1441,"children":1442},{},[1443],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1444,"children":1445},{},[1446],{"type":40,"value":1447},"\"Si el autor de alguna de las conductas descritas en las letras a) o b) no ha conocido el origen de los bienes por negligencia inexcusable, la pena privativa de libertad que corresponda de acuerdo al inciso primero o final de este artículo será rebajada en dos grados.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1449,"children":1450},{},[1451],{"type":40,"value":1452},"Las dos autoras de lavado culposo de este caso fueron condenadas a 61 días de presidio menor en su grado mínimo cada una, multa de 10 UTM y decomiso de bienes, con remisión condicional de la pena. La nota del SII no detalla qué hizo cada una, y no corresponde suponerlo. Lo que la ley describe, en cambio, es claro, porque no exige haber sabido. Basta con no haber sabido por una negligencia que no admite excusa, y esa es una vara que se mide desde fuera, mirando lo que una persona razonable habría advertido en su lugar.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1454,"children":1455},{"type":171},[1456],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1457,"children":1458},{},[1459],{"type":40,"value":1460},"El lavado culposo no requiere intención de ocultar nada. Recibir o mantener bienes de origen ilícito sin preguntarse de dónde vienen, cuando las circunstancias obligaban a preguntárselo, puede bastar. Para quien presta su nombre o su cuenta a un familiar o a un conocido, la buena fe que no se apoya en ninguna pregunta razonable puede no ser una defensa suficiente.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1462,"children":1464},{"id":1463},"lo-que-ve-quien-abre-y-monitorea-la-cuenta",[1465],{"type":40,"value":1466},"Lo que ve quien abre y monitorea la cuenta",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1468,"children":1469},{},[1470],{"type":40,"value":1471},"Para un banco o cualquier sujeto obligado, la consecuencia práctica es que el riesgo alcanza, además del cliente que comete el delito base, a las cuentas de personas que, sin actividad económica que lo explique, empiezan a recibir fondos importantes desde sociedades con las que no tienen relación aparente, que los mueven rápidamente o los convierten en bienes de alto valor, y que muchas veces comparten domicilio, apellido o contactos con un cliente que ya muestra señales de riesgo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1473,"children":1474},{},[1475,1477,1481,1483,1487,1489,1495,1497,1503],{"type":40,"value":1476},"La ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1478,"children":1479},{"href":138},[1480],{"type":40,"value":141},{"type":40,"value":1482}," sirve justamente para tener con qué comparar. Un perfil que declara ingresos modestos y de pronto recibe transferencias de empresas exportadoras o de proveedores de servicios que no corresponden a su ocupación es una inconsistencia que el monitoreo debería levantar, y las ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1484,"children":1485},{"href":151},[1486],{"type":40,"value":1119},{"type":40,"value":1488}," asociadas a terceros que actúan como receptores de fondos ajenos están descritas hace tiempo. Lo que el caso agrega es una razón más para tomarlas en serio, porque la persona que presta la cuenta no es un instrumento neutro del esquema y la ley puede alcanzarla. Sobre la relación entre los delitos tributarios y el régimen penal económico escribimos en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1490,"children":1492},{"href":1491},"/blog/delitos-tributarios-ley-21595/",[1493],{"type":40,"value":1494},"delitos tributarios y Ley 21.595",{"type":40,"value":1496},", y sobre el marco general de la prevención en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1498,"children":1500},{"href":1499},"/blog/que-es-ley-19913/",[1501],{"type":40,"value":1502},"qué es la Ley 19.913",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1505,"children":1507},{"id":1506},"salir-de-fiador",[1508],{"type":40,"value":1509},"Salir de fiador",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1511,"children":1512},{},[1513],{"type":40,"value":1514},"El libro de los Proverbios advierte al que sale fiador por su amigo que queda enlazado con las palabras de su boca, y lo dice con la experiencia de quien vio a muchos pagar deudas que no contrajeron. Prestar el nombre o la cuenta tiene algo de esa fianza antigua, porque quien lo hace responde por un dinero que no ganó y cuyo origen no conoce, y la ley chilena le pide que, al menos, se haya preguntado. Para las instituciones que abren y vigilan esas cuentas, la lección es la misma vista desde el otro lado del mostrador. La pregunta que el titular no se hizo puede hacerla el monitoreo, y conviene que la haga a tiempo.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":1516,"children":1517},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1519,"children":1520},{},[1521,1523,1527],{"type":40,"value":1522},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones sobre sus clientes y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría, de modo que su equipo tenga con qué comparar cuando una cuenta empieza a moverse distinto. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1524,"children":1525},{"href":218},[1526],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":1528}," sobre cómo está organizada hoy su debida diligencia.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1530},[1531,1532,1533,1534],{"id":1396,"depth":225,"text":1399},{"id":1426,"depth":225,"text":1429},{"id":1463,"depth":225,"text":1466},{"id":1506,"depth":225,"text":1509},"content:blog:lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros.md","blog/lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros.md","blog/lavado-culposo-cuentas-de-terceros",{"_path":1539,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1540,"description":1541,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":1542,"author":14,"tags":1543,"image":1546,"body":1547,"_type":233,"_id":1702,"_source":235,"_file":1703,"_stem":1704,"_extension":238},"/blog/ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa","Órdenes que se cancelan en segundos, la señal que deja un señuelo","La CMF multó con UF 25.000 un patrón de cotizaciones ficticias en bolsa. Cómo se ve ese patrón en un cliente y por qué importa a la prevención de lavado.","2026-10-07",[1544,442,1545,1016,21,11],"Manipulación de Precios","Ley 18.045","/images/blog/ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1548,"toc":1696},[1549,1572,1577,1589,1595,1600,1605,1613,1619,1624,1641,1649,1655,1666,1671,1677,1682,1685],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1550,"children":1551},{},[1552,1560],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1553,"children":1554},{},[1555],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1556,"children":1557},{},[1558],{"type":40,"value":1559},"\"Las cosas no pasan por lo que son, sino por lo que parecen.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1561,"children":1562},{},[1563,1565,1570],{"type":40,"value":1564},"Baltasar Gracián, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1566,"children":1567},{},[1568],{"type":40,"value":1569},"Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia",{"type":40,"value":1571},", aforismo 99",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1573,"children":1574},{},[1575],{"type":40,"value":1576},"Un libro de órdenes es una conversación entre desconocidos, en la que cada postura de compra o de venta que aparece en la pantalla le dice al resto del mercado que alguien está dispuesto a transar a ese precio, y sobre esa confianza descansa todo el mecanismo de formación de precios. Quien ingresa una orden que no piensa cumplir introduce en esa conversación una frase falsa, y si la retira antes de que alguien la tome, lo único que queda de ella es el efecto que produjo en los demás.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1578,"children":1579},{},[1580,1582,1587],{"type":40,"value":1581},"El 22 de septiembre de 2026 la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero informó que, mediante la Resolución N° 9913, aplicó una multa de ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1583,"children":1584},{},[1585],{"type":40,"value":1586},"UF 25.000",{"type":40,"value":1588}," a una sociedad de inversiones por infringir los artículos 52 inciso primero y 53 inciso primero de la Ley N° 18.045 de Mercado de Valores, que prohíben la manipulación de precios y las cotizaciones ficticias. El reproche recae sobre 34.038 operaciones con acciones realizadas en la Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago entre el 13 de marzo de 2022 y el 12 de septiembre de 2024, con un beneficio que la Comisión estimó en M$860.062. Más que la ganancia de esa sociedad, nos interesa la huella que dejaba mientras la obtenía, y la pregunta de si una corredora o una administradora de fondos habría sabido leerla en la conducta de un cliente propio.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1590,"children":1592},{"id":1591},"la-anatomía-de-una-orden-señuelo",[1593],{"type":40,"value":1594},"La anatomía de una orden señuelo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1596,"children":1597},{},[1598],{"type":40,"value":1599},"El patrón que describe la resolución es de una sencillez desconcertante. La sociedad ingresaba órdenes de compra o de venta de acciones que cancelaba en un breve tiempo, de pocos segundos, sin intención de que fueran calzadas. Esas órdenes tenían por objeto inducir a otros inversionistas a igualar o mejorar el precio, y una vez que un tercero lo hacía, la sociedad eliminaba su postura e ingresaba una orden en el lado contrario del libro, que calzaba con la del tercero. En todos los casos, según la resolución, el precio de la operación fue igual o mejor que el de la cotización cancelada segundos antes.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1601,"children":1602},{},[1603],{"type":40,"value":1604},"Un ejemplo publicado a propósito del caso lo ilustra con números redondos. Si la mejor oferta de venta de una acción está en $120 y alguien quiere comprar más barato, puede ingresar una orden de venta a $110 con la esperanza de que otro vendedor iguale ese precio. Cuando eso ocurre, retira su orden de venta, ingresa una de compra a $110 y se queda con las acciones diez pesos por debajo de lo que el mercado ofrecía un momento antes. La orden inicial nunca tuvo función económica, porque no había intención real de vender, y su único propósito era mover el precio de los demás.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1606,"children":1607},{},[1608],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1609,"children":1612},{"alt":1610,"src":1611},"El ciclo de una orden señuelo, ingreso, reacción de terceros, cancelación y operación contraria, con la señal de alerta que deja en cada paso","/images/diagramas/ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1614,"children":1616},{"id":1615},"las-señales-que-deja-en-cada-paso",[1617],{"type":40,"value":1618},"Las señales que deja en cada paso",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1620,"children":1621},{},[1622],{"type":40,"value":1623},"Lo que vuelve reconocible este patrón es que ninguna de sus piezas es anómala por separado. Cancelar una orden es un acto legítimo y cotidiano, y también lo es cambiar de opinión y operar en el sentido contrario. La anomalía está en la secuencia y en su repetición, y por eso se detecta mirando el comportamiento de un cliente a lo largo del tiempo y no una operación aislada.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1625,"children":1626},{},[1627,1629,1633,1635,1640],{"type":40,"value":1628},"Un área de cumplimiento puede traducir la descripción de la resolución en indicadores observables. El primero es la vida de las órdenes, porque un cliente cuyas posturas duran segundos de manera sistemática se comporta distinto de quien espera ser calzado. El segundo es la proporción entre órdenes ingresadas y órdenes canceladas, que en un patrón de este tipo se inclina de modo persistente hacia la cancelación. El tercero, y el más revelador, es la orden contraria que sigue de inmediato a la cancelación, sobre el mismo instrumento y a un precio igual o mejor que el de la postura retirada. El cuarto es la duración, pues la resolución habla de un patrón consistente, reiterado y extendido en el tiempo, que en este caso se sostuvo durante dos años y medio. Estos indicadores pertenecen a la misma familia que las ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1630,"children":1631},{"href":151},[1632],{"type":40,"value":1119},{"type":40,"value":1634}," con que trabaja la prevención, y se benefician de la misma disciplina de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1636,"children":1637},{"href":377},[1638],{"type":40,"value":1639},"monitoreo y gestión de alertas",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1642,"children":1643},{"type":542},[1644],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1645,"children":1646},{},[1647],{"type":40,"value":1648},"Conviene no leer en este caso más de lo que hay. La multa es una sanción administrativa y no una condena penal, y contra la resolución proceden el recurso de reposición ante la propia Comisión y el reclamo de ilegalidad ante la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago, de manera que puede ser modificada o dejada sin efecto. La resolución no dice nada sobre lavado de activos, y lo que sigue sobre ese punto se refiere a lo que dispone la ley, no a esta multa.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1650,"children":1652},{"id":1651},"por-qué-esto-le-importa-a-la-prevención-de-lavado",[1653],{"type":40,"value":1654},"Por qué esto le importa a la prevención de lavado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1656,"children":1657},{},[1658,1660,1664],{"type":40,"value":1659},"Conviene distinguir dos planos que la misma ley mantiene separados. Los artículos 52 y 53 que la Comisión estimó infringidos están en el Título VIII de la Ley N° 18.045, que trata de las actividades prohibidas, y lo que la Comisión aplicó por infringirlos es una multa administrativa. La manipulación de precios tiene además un tipo penal propio en el artículo 59 de esa ley, ubicado en su Título XI, que castiga con presidio a quien efectúe transacciones con el objeto de alterar artificialmente el precio de un valor y a quien efectúe cotizaciones o transacciones ficticias de un modo apto para transmitir señales falsas al mercado. Los delitos del Título XI figuran en el catálogo de delitos base de lavado de activos que publica la Unidad de Análisis Financiero, y ese es el vínculo con la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1661,"children":1662},{"href":1499},[1663],{"type":40,"value":249},{"type":40,"value":1665},", que no alcanza a la multa de este caso, porque una sanción administrativa no declara la existencia de un delito y decidir si una conducta lo constituye corresponde al Ministerio Público y a los tribunales. Para una entidad que intermedia valores, lo útil de este caso es el patrón, que debe tratarse como una señal de alerta en su monitoreo, con independencia de cómo termine calificándose la conducta que lo produjo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1667,"children":1668},{},[1669],{"type":40,"value":1670},"De ahí se sigue una consecuencia práctica que suele pasarse por alto. En muchas organizaciones la vigilancia de las conductas de mercado y la prevención de lavado viven en equipos distintos, con sistemas distintos y con poca conversación entre ellos. Un patrón como el de este caso lo ve primero quien mira el flujo de órdenes, pero la pregunta de si corresponde un reporte de operación sospechosa pertenece al oficial de cumplimiento, y si ambos no se hablan la señal se queda en un tablero que nadie del otro lado consulta.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1672,"children":1674},{"id":1673},"mirar-por-dentro",[1675],{"type":40,"value":1676},"Mirar por dentro",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1678,"children":1679},{},[1680],{"type":40,"value":1681},"Gracián completa su aforismo con una observación que parece escrita para un libro de órdenes, cuando dice que son raros los que miran por dentro y muchos los que se pagan de lo aparente. Una orden señuelo vive exactamente de esa diferencia, porque pasa por lo que parece durante los segundos que necesita y desaparece antes de que alguien pregunte qué era. Mirar por dentro, en este oficio, consiste en no conformarse con la operación que quedó registrada y preguntar por las que se retiraron justo antes, que es donde un patrón así deja escrita su intención.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":1683,"children":1684},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1686,"children":1687},{},[1688,1690,1694],{"type":40,"value":1689},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones sobre sus clientes y deja documentada cada revisión para la auditoría. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1691,"children":1692},{"href":218},[1693],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":1695}," sobre cómo se conectan hoy sus alertas con su oficial de cumplimiento.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1697},[1698,1699,1700,1701],{"id":1591,"depth":225,"text":1594},{"id":1615,"depth":225,"text":1618},{"id":1651,"depth":225,"text":1654},{"id":1673,"depth":225,"text":1676},"content:blog:ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa.md","blog/ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa.md","blog/ordenes-senuelo-manipulacion-precios-bolsa",{"_path":1706,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1707,"description":1708,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":1709,"author":14,"tags":1710,"image":1715,"body":1716,"_type":233,"_id":1881,"_source":235,"_file":1882,"_stem":1883,"_extension":238},"/blog/verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario","Verificar identidad no es mirar una cédula, dice la Corte Suprema","La Corte Suprema condenó a un notario por dar fe de identidades que no comprobó en persona. Qué parte de la verificación de identidad se puede delegar.","2026-10-06",[1711,1712,16,1713,1714,11],"Verificación de Identidad","KYC","Corte Suprema","Notarios","/images/blog/verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1717,"toc":1875},[1718,1734,1739,1751,1757,1762,1767,1775,1781,1786,1791,1799,1805,1810,1823,1850,1856,1861,1864],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1719,"children":1720},{},[1721,1729],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1722,"children":1723},{},[1724],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1725,"children":1726},{},[1727],{"type":40,"value":1728},"\"Si no viere en sus manos la señal de los clavos, y metiere mi dedo en el lugar de los clavos, y metiere mi mano en su costado, no creeré.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1730,"children":1731},{},[1732],{"type":40,"value":1733},"Evangelio según San Juan 20, 25",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1735,"children":1736},{},[1737],{"type":40,"value":1738},"El 28 de junio de 2017 se firmó en una notaría la compraventa de dos lotes ubicados en la comuna de Lampa, por un precio de $578.925.820 que la compradora entregó en dos vales vista dejados bajo custodia del notario. Quienes comparecieron como representantes de la sociedad vendedora exhibieron cédulas de identidad que parecían auténticas, con fotografías, firmas y huellas, y que pasaron un examen con luz ultravioleta. Eran falsas, y uno de los comparecientes suplantaba a un representante legítimo de la vendedora. El contrato fue declarado nulo, uno de los participantes en el fraude fue condenado penalmente, y la compradora demandó al notario por no haber verificado de manera eficaz la identidad de quienes firmaron.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1740,"children":1741},{},[1742,1744,1749],{"type":40,"value":1743},"Dos tribunales le dieron la razón al notario, pues tanto el juzgado civil como la Corte de Apelaciones estimaron que las cédulas tenían apariencia auténtica, que se habían hecho las verificaciones del caso y que no se le podía exigir a un ministro de fe que detectara toda falsificación. El 14 de septiembre de 2026 la Primera Sala de la Corte Suprema, en la causa rol N° 21.614-2025 y en fallo dividido, resolvió lo contrario y lo condenó a pagar ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1745,"children":1746},{},[1747],{"type":40,"value":1748},"$282.573.692",{"type":40,"value":1750}," por daño emergente. La pregunta que deja el fallo, y que interesa mucho más allá de las notarías, es qué parte de una verificación de identidad puede hacerla otro y cuál tiene que hacerla quien responde por ella.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1752,"children":1754},{"id":1753},"lo-que-el-notario-delegó",[1755],{"type":40,"value":1756},"Lo que el notario delegó",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1758,"children":1759},{},[1760],{"type":40,"value":1761},"El hecho decisivo, que el propio demandado reconoció, fue que no presenció personalmente la suscripción de la escritura. La firma de los comparecientes la presenció un dependiente del oficio, y el notario autorizó después las firmas y dio fe de las identidades. Las cédulas se habían revisado, los datos coincidían con los del instrumento y el documento había superado los controles habituales, de manera que, mirado desde el expediente, el procedimiento estaba completo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1763,"children":1764},{},[1765],{"type":40,"value":1766},"La Corte no reprochó que la falsificación pasara inadvertida. El fallo aclara que no se le impone al ministro de fe una labor pericial, ni se le exige descubrir falsificaciones sofisticadas que no sean razonablemente detectables, ni garantizar de manera absoluta la autenticidad material de toda cédula que se le exhiba. Lo que reprochó fue otra cosa, que consiste en haber dado fe de la identidad de los otorgantes sin realizar personalmente la actuación que permite formarse esa convicción.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1768,"children":1769},{},[1770],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1771,"children":1774},{"alt":1772,"src":1773},"Las capas de una verificación de identidad, de la revisión documental a la presencia de quien comparece, con la que delegó el notario y la que exige el fallo","/images/diagramas/verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1776,"children":1778},{"id":1777},"el-estándar-que-fija-el-fallo",[1779],{"type":40,"value":1780},"El estándar que fija el fallo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1782,"children":1783},{},[1784],{"type":40,"value":1785},"Para llegar a esa conclusión la Corte relacionó el artículo 1699 del Código Civil con los artículos 399, 403 y 405 del Código Orgánico de Tribunales, e interpretó la expresión \"ante notario\" como una exigencia de intervención personal en las actuaciones indispensables para ejercer la función. La fe pública, dice la sentencia, exige adoptar medidas que permitan establecer razonablemente que quien comparece corresponde efectivamente a la persona cuya identidad invoca, y ese deber no se cumple mediante una verificación exclusivamente documental realizada por terceros o dependientes.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1787,"children":1788},{},[1789],{"type":40,"value":1790},"Hay un detalle del caso que muestra por qué la distinción importa. La persona que compareció bajo la identidad de uno de los representantes tenía una apariencia de edad que no guardaba correspondencia suficiente con la edad consignada en la cédula. La Corte advirtió que esa circunstancia no fue por sí sola el fundamento de la responsabilidad, pero que justificaba extremar las medidas de comprobación. Ningún examen del documento habría revelado esa inconsistencia, porque solo aparece cuando se compara el documento con quien lo porta.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1792,"children":1793},{"type":171},[1794],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1795,"children":1796},{},[1797],{"type":40,"value":1798},"La condena no fue por el total de la pérdida. La Corte consideró que en el perjuicio concurrieron dos factores, la autorización de la compraventa con representantes suplantados y un mandato especial falso otorgado antes en otra notaría, que permitió cobrar el vale vista. Sin antecedentes para pesar distinto uno y otro, atribuyó al notario el 50 por ciento del perjuicio acreditado, que ascendía a $565.147.385.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1800,"children":1802},{"id":1801},"lo-que-esto-le-dice-a-un-proceso-de-conocimiento-del-cliente",[1803],{"type":40,"value":1804},"Lo que esto le dice a un proceso de conocimiento del cliente",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1806,"children":1807},{},[1808],{"type":40,"value":1809},"Conviene ser precisos sobre el alcance de la sentencia. Es un fallo de responsabilidad civil, dictado respecto de un notario y fundado en las normas que rigen la función notarial. No se pronuncia sobre lavado de activos ni sobre la debida diligencia que la normativa de prevención exige a los sujetos obligados, y sería un error citarlo como si lo hiciera. La relación que sigue la proponemos nosotros, porque el razonamiento de la Corte describe con mucha exactitud un problema que cualquier área de cumplimiento conoce.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1811,"children":1812},{},[1813,1815,1821],{"type":40,"value":1814},"Todo proceso de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1816,"children":1818},{"href":1817},"/blog/kyc-know-your-customer/",[1819],{"type":40,"value":1820},"conocimiento del cliente",{"type":40,"value":1822}," descansa en una cadena de verificaciones que se reparten entre personas, proveedores y sistemas. Alguien recibe la cédula, alguien o algo comprueba que el documento sea válido, un sistema cruza el nombre contra listas, y al final alguien firma la apertura de la relación. Esa división del trabajo es razonable y necesaria, porque ninguna organización podría operar si cada verificación tuviera que hacerla la misma persona. Lo que el fallo recuerda es que la cadena tiene un eslabón de otra naturaleza, que es el juicio de que esta persona, la que está aquí, es quien dice ser, y que ese juicio no se forma revisando papeles ajenos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1824,"children":1825},{},[1826,1828,1832,1834,1840,1842,1848],{"type":40,"value":1827},"La distinción ayuda a ordenar qué se puede delegar. La captura de datos, el control de vigencia del documento, la revisión de sus elementos de seguridad y la consulta en listas son tareas que admiten delegación y automatización, y que conviene automatizar porque una máquina las hace con más regularidad que una persona cansada. La comparación entre el documento y quien lo presenta, la atención a lo que no calza y la decisión de pedir algo más cuando algo no calza pertenecen a quien responde por la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1829,"children":1830},{"href":138},[1831],{"type":40,"value":1112},{"type":40,"value":1833},", y pueden apoyarse en terceros pero no descargarse en ellos. En las operaciones de mayor monto, como las del ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1835,"children":1837},{"href":1836},"/blog/compliance-inmobiliarias/",[1838],{"type":40,"value":1839},"sector inmobiliario",{"type":40,"value":1841},", donde además intervienen notarios, corredores y otros ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1843,"children":1845},{"href":1844},"/blog/sujetos-obligados-uaf-lista/",[1846],{"type":40,"value":1847},"sujetos obligados",{"type":40,"value":1849},", esa frontera merece estar escrita en el procedimiento y no entregada a la costumbre de cada oficina.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1851,"children":1853},{"id":1852},"ver-con-los-propios-ojos",[1854],{"type":40,"value":1855},"Ver con los propios ojos",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1857,"children":1858},{},[1859],{"type":40,"value":1860},"Tomás no estaba cuando los demás discípulos vieron, y cuando le dijeron que habían visto respondió que no creería hasta ver y tocar por sí mismo. La tradición lo recuerda como el incrédulo, pero su exigencia es la misma que la Corte Suprema le hace a quien da fe de una identidad, porque el testimonio de otros puede ser sincero y completo y aun así no reemplaza la comprobación de quien tiene que responder. Un programa de cumplimiento maduro delega casi todo, y sabe con exactitud cuál es la parte que no delega.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":1862,"children":1863},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1865,"children":1866},{},[1867,1869,1873],{"type":40,"value":1868},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones y deja documentada cada verificación para la auditoría, de modo que su equipo reserve la atención para el juicio que no se delega. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1870,"children":1871},{"href":218},[1872],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":1874}," sobre cómo está repartida hoy esa cadena en su organización.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":1876},[1877,1878,1879,1880],{"id":1753,"depth":225,"text":1756},{"id":1777,"depth":225,"text":1780},{"id":1801,"depth":225,"text":1804},{"id":1852,"depth":225,"text":1855},"content:blog:verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario.md","blog/verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario.md","blog/verificar-identidad-corte-suprema-notario",{"_path":1885,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":1886,"description":1887,"category":1888,"readTime":12,"date":1889,"author":14,"tags":1890,"image":1894,"body":1895,"_type":233,"_id":2060,"_source":235,"_file":2061,"_stem":2062,"_extension":238},"/blog/uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas","Congelar antes de la orden judicial, lo que discute la Comisión Mixta","El proyecto de inteligencia económica discute un congelamiento precautorio de cuentas por la UAF. Qué cambiaría para el banco y para quien reporta.","UAF","2026-10-05",[1888,1891,1892,248,1893,249],"Inteligencia Económica","Secreto Bancario","Crimen Organizado","/images/blog/uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas.jpg",{"type":24,"children":1896,"toc":2054},[1897,1918,1923,1928,1934,1946,1951,1956,1964,1970,1975,1986,1994,2000,2005,2016,2029,2035,2040,2043],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":1898,"children":1899},{},[1900,1908],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1901,"children":1902},{},[1903],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1904,"children":1905},{},[1906],{"type":40,"value":1907},"\"La diligencia es madre de la buena ventura.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1909,"children":1910},{},[1911,1912,1916],{"type":40,"value":652},{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":1913,"children":1914},{},[1915],{"type":40,"value":657},{"type":40,"value":1917},", primera parte, capítulo XLVI",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1919,"children":1920},{},[1921],{"type":40,"value":1922},"Conviene decir desde la primera línea que lo que sigue describe una discusión y no una ley vigente, ni tampoco una facultad que la Unidad de Análisis Financiero tenga hoy. Esa discusión ocurre en la Comisión Mixta encargada de resolver las divergencias entre ambas Cámaras sobre el proyecto que crea el Subsistema de Inteligencia Económica, contenido en el Boletín N° 15.975-25 e ingresado en mayo de 2023, y su desenlace todavía depende de audiencias y votaciones que no han ocurrido. Se trata, por tanto, de un ejercicio de anticipación, que tiene sentido porque las ideas que hoy están sobre la mesa le cambiarían el trabajo tanto al banco que recibe un requerimiento como al sujeto obligado que envía un reporte.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1924,"children":1925},{},[1926],{"type":40,"value":1927},"La idea que más atención merece es también la más reciente. Según la crónica legislativa publicada el 21 de septiembre, tras tres sesiones de la instancia se relevó la propuesta de autorizar a la UAF para el congelamiento administrativo precautorio de cuentas bancarias en casos de flagrancia o de estafas masivas, de modo que el dinero no pueda ser retirado ni transferido al extranjero mientras se tramitan las autorizaciones judiciales. La Comisión acordó además constituir un grupo de trabajo entre asesores parlamentarios y del Ministerio de Hacienda para redactar propuestas de consenso en normas procedimentales, plazos y gobernanza. La pregunta que nos interesa es qué tendría que estar en condiciones de hacer una institución el día que una orden de esa naturaleza llegue a su mesa.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1929,"children":1931},{"id":1930},"veintiocho-días-hábiles-para-un-dinero-que-no-espera",[1932],{"type":40,"value":1933},"Veintiocho días hábiles para un dinero que no espera",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1935,"children":1936},{},[1937,1939,1944],{"type":40,"value":1938},"El problema que la propuesta intenta resolver lo expuso el director subrogante de la UAF ante la Comisión Mixta el 23 de septiembre. Los dineros ilícitos se trasladan con rapidez entre distintos destinatarios, mientras que hoy el acceso a información bancaria toma en promedio ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":1940,"children":1941},{},[1942],{"type":40,"value":1943},"28 días hábiles",{"type":40,"value":1945},", y cada nuevo actor que aparece en el flujo obliga a reiniciar el proceso de autorización judicial. Quien haya seguido alguna vez una cadena de transferencias sabe lo que eso significa, porque para cuando llega la respuesta sobre la primera cuenta el dinero ya pasó por la tercera.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1947,"children":1948},{},[1949],{"type":40,"value":1950},"El subsecretario de Hacienda agregó ante la misma comisión un dato que desplaza la discusión de lugar. De esos 28 días, según su exposición, solo dos corresponden a la etapa judicial, de manera que la demora está sobre todo en la tramitación administrativa y en los tiempos de respuesta de quienes intervienen. A eso se suma la carga del organismo, que durante 2025 recibió un promedio de 87 reportes de operaciones sospechosas por cada día hábil y cuenta con 83 funcionarios en todo el país.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1952,"children":1953},{},[1954],{"type":40,"value":1955},"Con ese diagnóstico, la UAF planteó tres propuestas técnicas. La primera mantiene la autorización judicial previa, pero la convierte en una autorización madre que cubra todo el flujo financiero, sin volver al tribunal por cada cuenta nueva. La segunda reduce los tiempos de respuesta de todos los que intervienen en el proceso, evaluando plazos más acotados para los bancos. La tercera consiste en evaluar nuevas herramientas para la detección oportuna de activos vinculados al crimen organizado, entre ellas un eventual congelamiento preventivo de fondos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1957,"children":1958},{},[1959],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":1960,"children":1963},{"alt":1961,"src":1962},"El recorrido de una alerta hoy, con sus 28 días hábiles, y el recorrido que propone el proyecto, con el punto donde entraría el congelamiento precautorio","/images/diagramas/uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1965,"children":1967},{"id":1966},"lo-que-cambia-para-quien-reporta",[1968],{"type":40,"value":1969},"Lo que cambia para quien reporta",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1971,"children":1972},{},[1973],{"type":40,"value":1974},"El congelamiento se ha llevado los titulares, pero hay otro cambio en el proyecto que alcanza a muchas más instituciones. Según explicó la UAF, los sujetos obligados públicos y privados deberán reportar operaciones sospechosas también cuando existan indicios de vinculación con el crimen organizado, y no solo cuando la sospecha apunte al lavado de activos. El objeto mismo de la Unidad se amplía a la prevención del crimen organizado, y esa ampliación, en palabras de su director subrogante, irradia a todos los sujetos obligados.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1976,"children":1977},{},[1978,1980,1984],{"type":40,"value":1979},"Para un oficial de cumplimiento esto se traduce en dos tareas concretas. Las señales de alerta con que trabaja su equipo fueron pensadas para detectar la disimulación de un origen ilícito, y habrá que revisar si sirven también para reconocer la operación de una organización, que no siempre intenta esconder el dinero y a veces solo necesita moverlo. Y la calidad del ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":1981,"children":1982},{"href":390},[1983],{"type":40,"value":393},{"type":40,"value":1985}," adquiere un peso distinto, porque un reporte que mañana podría servir de base a un congelamiento tiene que identificar con precisión a las personas, las cuentas y la secuencia de los hechos.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":1987,"children":1988},{"type":542},[1989],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":1990,"children":1991},{},[1992],{"type":40,"value":1993},"Nada de esto es exigible hoy. El proyecto sigue en Comisión Mixta, la ronda de audiencias continúa hasta octubre y después vendrá la votación en particular. El congelamiento precautorio es una propuesta en discusión, no una facultad vigente, y su texto final puede cambiar o no aprobarse. Lo que sí se puede hacer desde ya es revisar si la institución respondería a tiempo, porque esa capacidad sirve con la ley actual y con cualquier versión de la futura.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":1995,"children":1997},{"id":1996},"lo-que-cambia-para-el-banco-que-recibe-la-orden",[1998],{"type":40,"value":1999},"Lo que cambia para el banco que recibe la orden",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2001,"children":2002},{},[2003],{"type":40,"value":2004},"En la discusión de la Comisión se identificaron retrasos en los protocolos de respuesta de las entidades bancarias después de emitido un reporte, y se criticó que algunos bancos entregan planillas masivas de datos sin procesar, lo que dificulta la inteligencia financiera. Esa crítica anticipa hacia dónde se movería la exigencia, que apunta a plazos de respuesta más cortos y a información entregada de una forma que se pueda analizar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2006,"children":2007},{},[2008,2010,2014],{"type":40,"value":2009},"Un congelamiento precautorio lleva esa exigencia al extremo, porque una orden de ese tipo vale lo que tarde en ejecutarse. La institución que la reciba tendría que poder ubicar de inmediato todas las cuentas y productos de la persona indicada, bloquear los movimientos sin depender de un procedimiento manual, y dejar registro de la hora en que recibió la orden, de quién la ejecutó y de qué saldo había en ese momento. Ninguna de esas capacidades se improvisa el día que llega el oficio, y todas dependen de lo mismo que sostiene un buen ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2011,"children":2012},{"href":377},[2013],{"type":40,"value":380},{"type":40,"value":2015},", que es tener la información del cliente ordenada y trazable.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2017,"children":2018},{},[2019,2021,2027],{"type":40,"value":2020},"Sobre el diseño completo del subsistema, con la coordinación entre la UAF, el Servicio de Impuestos Internos y Aduanas, escribimos en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2022,"children":2024},{"href":2023},"/blog/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos/",[2025],{"type":40,"value":2026},"el Subsistema de Inteligencia Económica",{"type":40,"value":2028},". Lo que agrega la discusión de estas semanas es la dimensión del tiempo, que hasta ahora había quedado detrás del debate sobre el secreto bancario.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2030,"children":2032},{"id":2031},"la-diligencia-como-condición",[2033],{"type":40,"value":2034},"La diligencia como condición",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2036,"children":2037},{},[2038],{"type":40,"value":2039},"Cuando don Quijote recuerda que la diligencia es madre de la buena ventura, lo dice a propósito de la guerra, donde según él la celeridad y presteza previene los discursos del enemigo y alcanza la victoria antes de que el contrario se ponga en defensa. La Comisión Mixta discute, en el fondo, cuánta de esa presteza puede entregársele a un organismo administrativo sin debilitar las garantías que el control judicial resguarda, y esa es una decisión que corresponde a los legisladores. A las instituciones les corresponde otra, más modesta y enteramente propia, que es llegar a ese día con la casa en orden, porque la diligencia que el proyecto le pide al Estado se la va a pedir también, por la misma vía, a cada uno de los que reportan y responden.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2041,"children":2042},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2044,"children":2045},{},[2046,2048,2052],{"type":40,"value":2047},"Neitcom consulta PEP y listas de sanciones y deja documentada cada revisión, con la trazabilidad que permite responder a un requerimiento con datos ordenados. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2049,"children":2050},{"href":218},[2051],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2053}," sobre cómo respondería hoy su institución.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2055},[2056,2057,2058,2059],{"id":1930,"depth":225,"text":1933},{"id":1966,"depth":225,"text":1969},{"id":1996,"depth":225,"text":1999},{"id":2031,"depth":225,"text":2034},"content:blog:uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas.md","blog/uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas.md","blog/uaf-congelamiento-precautorio-cuentas",{"_path":2064,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2065,"description":2066,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":2067,"dateModified":2068,"author":14,"tags":2069,"image":2071,"body":2072,"_type":233,"_id":2236,"_source":235,"_file":2237,"_stem":2238,"_extension":238},"/blog/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo","Escudo de las Américas y el riesgo terrorista en su contraparte","Chile se sumó al Escudo de las Américas. Varias de sus 25 organizaciones prioritarias son terroristas para EE.UU., y eso toca a quien opera en dólares.","2026-09-30","2026-10-01",[826,825,1194,2070,16,11],"Tren de Aragua","/images/blog/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2073,"toc":2230},[2074,2095,2100,2105,2111,2123,2128,2133,2139,2144,2149,2163,2171,2177,2188,2205,2211,2216,2219],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2075,"children":2076},{},[2077,2085],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2078,"children":2079},{},[2080],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2081,"children":2082},{},[2083],{"type":40,"value":2084},"\"Dime con quién andas, decirte he quién eres.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2086,"children":2087},{},[2088,2089,2093],{"type":40,"value":652},{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2090,"children":2091},{},[2092],{"type":40,"value":657},{"type":40,"value":2094},", segunda parte, capítulo X",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2096,"children":2097},{},[2098],{"type":40,"value":2099},"Durante años el financiamiento del terrorismo fue, para la mayoría de las empresas chilenas, un casillero del formulario que se marcaba sin detenerse. El riesgo parecía pertenecer a otras latitudes y a otros conflictos, y la revisión se reducía a cruzar el nombre del cliente contra la lista del Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas, que casi nunca devolvía una coincidencia. Esa comodidad acaba de quedar en entredicho por una decisión que se tomó lejos de cualquier oficina de cumplimiento, y que sin embargo le cambia el mapa de riesgos a más de una empresa que nunca se planteó la pregunta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2101,"children":2102},{},[2103],{"type":40,"value":2104},"El 22 de septiembre, en Nueva York y en el marco de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas, el Presidente de la República anunció que Chile dejaba su condición de observador para incorporarse como miembro pleno del Escudo de las Américas, y ese mismo día el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores informó la adhesión. La dimensión política de esa decisión corresponde a otros foros, y lo que interesa aquí es una consecuencia técnica que se desprende de la lista de organizaciones que la coalición decidió priorizar.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2106,"children":2108},{"id":2107},"veinticinco-organizaciones-y-una-categoría-distinta",[2109],{"type":40,"value":2110},"Veinticinco organizaciones y una categoría distinta",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2112,"children":2113},{},[2114,2116,2121],{"type":40,"value":2115},"La Cancillería describe el Escudo como un marco de coordinación voluntaria entre gobiernos americanos para enfrentar el crimen organizado transnacional, en el que participan además de Chile Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, República Dominicana, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana, Honduras, Panamá, Paraguay, Perú, Trinidad y Tobago y Estados Unidos. La iniciativa identificó ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":2117,"children":2118},{},[2119],{"type":40,"value":2120},"25 organizaciones",{"type":40,"value":2122}," criminales prioritarias, entre las que figuran el Tren de Aragua, el Cártel de Sinaloa, el Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación, el Primeiro Comando da Capital y Los Choneros.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2124,"children":2125},{},[2126],{"type":40,"value":2127},"El dato que cambia el análisis viene de antes, porque el 20 de febrero de 2025 el Departamento de Estado publicó en el Federal Register la designación como organizaciones terroristas extranjeras, bajo la sección 219 de la ley de inmigración y nacionalidad de Estados Unidos, del Tren de Aragua, la Mara Salvatrucha, el Cártel de Sinaloa, el Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación, Carteles Unidos, el Cártel del Noreste, el Cártel del Golfo y La Nueva Familia Michoacana, con efecto desde su publicación, y las ocho figuran en la lista del Escudo. Según el Departamento del Tesoro, ese mismo día el Tren de Aragua fue designado además como terrorista global especialmente designado, cuando ya desde julio de 2024 estaba sancionado como organización criminal transnacional significativa.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2129,"children":2130},{},[2131],{"type":40,"value":2132},"Dicho de otro modo, una parte de las organizaciones que Chile acaba de comprometerse a enfrentar tiene, para el país emisor del dólar, la calidad jurídica de organización terrorista, y quien les presta apoyo económico queda expuesto a otro régimen jurídico.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2134,"children":2136},{"id":2135},"por-qué-esto-llega-a-una-empresa-chilena",[2137],{"type":40,"value":2138},"Por qué esto llega a una empresa chilena",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2140,"children":2141},{},[2142],{"type":40,"value":2143},"El 3 de diciembre de 2025 la Oficina de Control de Activos Extranjeros sancionó a una red de afiliados del Tren de Aragua vinculada a la industria del entretenimiento, junto con otros afiliados clave de la organización y una entidad ubicada en Sudamérica, bajo las órdenes ejecutivas 13581 y 13224. El comunicado del Tesoro señala que una de las personas designadas participó en los esfuerzos de expansión de la organización en Chile, y que otra organizaba cobros ilegales en varios países, Chile entre ellos, lo que desmiente la idea de que se trate de un riesgo ajeno.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2145,"children":2146},{},[2147],{"type":40,"value":2148},"El mismo comunicado explica el mecanismo por el cual una sanción de Estados Unidos alcanza a quien no es estadounidense. Los bienes de los designados que estén en Estados Unidos o en poder de personas estadounidenses quedan bloqueados, y se prohíben en general las transacciones que los involucren cuando las realizan personas estadounidenses o cuando ocurren dentro de Estados Unidos o transitan por ese país. Un pago en dólares de una empresa chilena a un proveedor extranjero suele pasar por un banco corresponsal estadounidense, de modo que la empresa que nunca pisó ese país queda a un eslabón de distancia de un banco que no puede procesar ese pago, y el Tesoro advierte que las sanciones civiles por estas infracciones se aplican sobre la base de responsabilidad objetiva, sin necesidad de probar intención. El comunicado agrega que las instituciones financieras extranjeras que realicen o faciliten transacciones significativas con los designados se arriesgan a sanciones secundarias, incluida la restricción de sus cuentas corresponsales, y eso explica por qué el banco chileno de esa empresa tiene todas las razones para preguntarle con quién está operando.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":2150,"children":2151},{"type":542},[2152],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2153,"children":2154},{},[2155,2157,2162],{"type":40,"value":2156},"La revisión por nombre no alcanza. El Tesoro recuerda que toda entidad de propiedad directa o indirecta, en un 50 por ciento o más, de una o más personas bloqueadas queda también bloqueada, aunque no aparezca en ninguna lista. Una contraparte limpia en el buscador puede estar bloqueada por quién es su dueño, y eso solo se detecta conociendo a su ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2158,"children":2159},{"href":138},[2160],{"type":40,"value":2161},"beneficiario final",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2164,"children":2165},{},[2166],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":2167,"children":2170},{"alt":2168,"src":2169},"El recorrido de una contraparte por las listas de la ONU, de OFAC y de designaciones terroristas de Estados Unidos, y el punto donde queda expuesta una empresa chilena que solo revisa la primera","/images/diagramas/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2172,"children":2174},{"id":2173},"dónde-queda-expuesto-quien-mira-solo-una-lista",[2175],{"type":40,"value":2176},"Dónde queda expuesto quien mira solo una lista",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2178,"children":2179},{},[2180,2182,2186],{"type":40,"value":2181},"El punto ciego se describe con facilidad, porque una empresa que revisa a sus contrapartes solo contra la lista de Naciones Unidas cumple una práctica razonable, pero una designación hecha por el Gobierno de Estados Unidos no llega por esa vía, porque es un acto de ese gobierno y no del Consejo de Seguridad. Para ver lo que está en la lista de OFAC y en las designaciones terroristas estadounidenses hay que consultarlas directamente, como explicamos en nuestra guía de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2183,"children":2184},{"href":941},[2185],{"type":40,"value":944},{"type":40,"value":2187},", y hay que hacerlo con la frecuencia con que esas listas cambian, que no es la frecuencia con que se renueva un contrato.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2189,"children":2190},{},[2191,2193,2197,2199,2203],{"type":40,"value":2192},"Las empresas más expuestas son las que operan en dólares, las que importan o exportan, las que pagan a proveedores o reciben fondos de países donde estas organizaciones tienen presencia, y las que trabajan con sectores donde la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2194,"children":2195},{"href":731},[2196],{"type":40,"value":734},{"type":40,"value":2198}," debería ser la norma y no la excepción. Para ellas conviene revisar tres cosas, que son si el screening incluye efectivamente las listas de Estados Unidos, si el análisis de beneficiario final permite aplicar la regla del 50 por ciento, y si las ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2200,"children":2201},{"href":151},[2202],{"type":40,"value":1119},{"type":40,"value":2204}," que usa el equipo contemplan los patrones de estas organizaciones, como los cobros ilegales o la red vinculada a la industria del entretenimiento que describe el comunicado del Tesoro.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2206,"children":2208},{"id":2207},"con-quién-anda-su-contraparte",[2209],{"type":40,"value":2210},"Con quién anda su contraparte",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2212,"children":2213},{},[2214],{"type":40,"value":2215},"Sancho Panza trae a cuento ese refrán en el capítulo décimo de la segunda parte, cuando, a solas en el camino, concluye que si sigue y sirve a un loco no puede ser él mucho más cuerdo, y se juzga a sí mismo por la compañía que eligió. A una empresa se la juzga del mismo modo, y también por lo que está detrás de quienes le pagan, le venden o le prestan servicios, de manera que la adhesión de Chile al Escudo de las Américas vuelve más probable que esa pregunta se haga con seriedad. Dime con quién andas, decirte he quién eres, se dice Sancho, y el cumplimiento moderno le agrega una línea que conviene tener presente, porque hoy también importa con quién anda aquel con quien usted anda.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2217,"children":2218},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2220,"children":2221},{},[2222,2224,2228],{"type":40,"value":2223},"Neitcom cruza a sus contrapartes, y a los beneficiarios finales que usted identifica, contra las listas PEP, ONU y OFAC, de modo que la revisión no se detenga en la primera lista. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2225,"children":2226},{"href":218},[2227],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2229}," sobre cómo está configurado hoy su screening.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2231},[2232,2233,2234,2235],{"id":2107,"depth":225,"text":2110},{"id":2135,"depth":225,"text":2138},{"id":2173,"depth":225,"text":2176},{"id":2207,"depth":225,"text":2210},"content:blog:escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo.md","blog/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo.md","blog/escudo-americas-financiamiento-terrorismo",{"_path":2240,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2241,"description":2242,"category":2243,"readTime":12,"date":2244,"author":14,"tags":2245,"image":2250,"body":2251,"_type":233,"_id":2418,"_source":235,"_file":2419,"_stem":2420,"_extension":238},"/blog/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales","Dos años de la Ley 21.595 y el modelo que los tribunales miran","A dos años del régimen de delitos económicos, los tribunales empiezan a exigir un modelo de prevención que funcione, y bancos y aseguradoras ya lo piden.","Ley 20.393","2026-09-29",[2246,2243,2247,2248,2249,11],"Ley 21.595","MPD","Delitos Económicos","Responsabilidad Penal","/images/blog/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2252,"toc":2412},[2253,2269,2282,2287,2293,2298,2303,2309,2321,2326,2334,2342,2355,2361,2366,2387,2393,2398,2401],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2254,"children":2255},{},[2256,2264],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2257,"children":2258},{},[2259],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2260,"children":2261},{},[2262],{"type":40,"value":2263},"\"Así también la fe, si no tiene obras, es muerta en sí misma.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2265,"children":2266},{},[2267],{"type":40,"value":2268},"Epístola de Santiago 2, 17",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2270,"children":2271},{},[2272,2274,2280],{"type":40,"value":2273},"En septiembre de 2024 entró en vigencia el régimen de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas que reformó la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2275,"children":2277},{"href":2276},"/blog/ley-21595-delitos-economicos/",[2278],{"type":40,"value":2279},"Ley 21.595 de delitos económicos",{"type":40,"value":2281},", y durante los meses previos no hubo seminario, directorio ni comité de auditoría que no dedicara una sesión al tema. Se anunciaba una avalancha de causas y se discutía con alarma el endurecimiento de un régimen que hasta entonces casi nadie había sentido cerca. Dos años después, el balance que hacen los propios penalistas es más sobrio y, precisamente por eso, más útil para quien tiene a su cargo un programa de cumplimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2283,"children":2284},{},[2285],{"type":40,"value":2286},"A esta altura importa menos saber si la ley se va a aplicar que entender cómo la están aplicando quienes tienen que hacerlo, y en ese punto aparece una respuesta que los primeros casos empiezan a dibujar con bastante nitidez, porque lo que los tribunales examinan cuando una empresa se sienta en el banquillo es si su modelo de prevención funcionaba en la práctica, con independencia de lo bien encuadernado que estuviera.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2288,"children":2290},{"id":2289},"un-comienzo-más-lento-de-lo-anunciado",[2291],{"type":40,"value":2292},"Un comienzo más lento de lo anunciado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2294,"children":2295},{},[2296],{"type":40,"value":2297},"Según los penalistas consultados por Diario Financiero y recogidos por az a comienzos de este mes, la aplicación de la norma ha sido más lenta de lo que se anticipaba. El primer año y medio estuvo concentrado casi por completo en el trabajo preventivo de las empresas, y durante 2025 prácticamente no hubo condenas bajo el nuevo estatuto. Este año el panorama comenzó a cambiar, y en palabras de uno de ellos los tribunales empiezan a fijar los primeros criterios reales sobre cómo van a aplicar la ley.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2299,"children":2300},{},[2301],{"type":40,"value":2302},"Entre los expedientes más conocidos esos mismos abogados mencionan los casos Sartor, Factop, Primus, Polizzi y Bruma, cada uno en su propia etapa procesal y en manos de los tribunales, donde rige la presunción de inocencia para todos los involucrados. Coinciden también en que todavía hay poca experiencia de causas que hayan llegado a juicio oral, de modo que lo que hoy se sabe proviene sobre todo de resoluciones dictadas en etapas tempranas. Sería imprudente leer en ellas una jurisprudencia asentada, y sería igual de imprudente ignorarlas, porque son la primera señal de cómo razona un juez frente a un modelo de prevención concreto.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2304,"children":2306},{"id":2305},"lo-que-resolvió-el-tribunal-de-coronel",[2307],{"type":40,"value":2308},"Lo que resolvió el tribunal de Coronel",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2310,"children":2311},{},[2312,2314,2319],{"type":40,"value":2313},"La resolución más ilustrativa hasta ahora vino del Juzgado de Garantía de Coronel, en la causa conocida como caso Bruma. La Fiscalía y los querellantes pidieron contra ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":2315,"children":2316},{},[2317],{"type":40,"value":2318},"Blumar S.A.",{"type":40,"value":2320}," la medida cautelar del artículo 11 bis de la Ley 20.393, que consiste en la supervisión de la persona jurídica y que está pensada para los casos en que la inexistencia o la grave insuficiencia de un sistema de prevención hace necesario intervenir la organización para evitar nuevos delitos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2322,"children":2323},{},[2324],{"type":40,"value":2325},"El tribunal rechazó la solicitud. Según la columna que analizó el fallo en Ex-Ante, la empresa contaba con un modelo de prevención vigente, y en la audiencia no se acreditó, en esa etapa del proceso, ni en qué consistiría una insuficiencia grave de ese modelo ni una relación directa entre sus eventuales falencias y los hechos investigados. El estándar que se desprende es exigente para quien acusa, porque no basta con afirmar que el modelo es defectuoso y hay que demostrar la gravedad del déficit y su conexión con el delito imputado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2327,"children":2328},{},[2329],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":2330,"children":2333},{"alt":2331,"src":2332},"Línea de tiempo del régimen desde septiembre de 2024 y la diferencia entre un modelo de papel y uno que funciona, con las dos preguntas que se hace el tribunal","/images/diagramas/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":2335,"children":2336},{"type":542},[2337],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2338,"children":2339},{},[2340],{"type":40,"value":2341},"La resolución de Coronel se dictó en sede de garantía y a propósito de una medida cautelar, así que no es una sentencia definitiva ni absuelve a nadie. Lo que sí muestra es que el examen del modelo de prevención empieza desde la primera audiencia, mucho antes del juicio, y que la empresa que puede exhibir un modelo vigente y aplicado llega a esa audiencia en una posición muy distinta de la que solo puede exhibir un documento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2343,"children":2344},{},[2345,2347,2353],{"type":40,"value":2346},"La lectura inversa del caso es la que más debería preocupar a un directorio. Si en Bruma pesó que el modelo existía y estaba vigente, una empresa cuyo modelo existe solo en papel le entrega a la Fiscalía justamente el argumento que en Bruma no se pudo acreditar. Los penalistas lo dicen sin rodeos cuando constatan que los primeros casos dejaron claro que un ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2348,"children":2350},{"href":2349},"/blog/modelo-prevencion-delitos/",[2351],{"type":40,"value":2352},"modelo de prevención de delitos",{"type":40,"value":2354}," de papel no sirve como eximente, y que por eso los directorios han empezado a exigirle a cumplimiento que la matriz de riesgos refleje cómo opera el negocio día a día.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2356,"children":2358},{"id":2357},"la-presión-que-llega-por-el-lado-comercial",[2359],{"type":40,"value":2360},"La presión que llega por el lado comercial",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2362,"children":2363},{},[2364],{"type":40,"value":2365},"Mientras los tribunales fijan sus criterios a un ritmo pausado, el mercado ya decidió los suyos. Una nota de az del 23 de septiembre recoge una observación que cualquiera que trabaje en cumplimiento reconocerá, según la cual las compañías han ordenado sus procesos cuando un banco les pidió el modelo de prevención para renovar una línea de crédito, cuando un cliente grande lo incorporó a las bases de una licitación, cuando apareció en una due diligence o cuando la aseguradora preguntó por el gobierno corporativo antes de cotizar la póliza de directores. La misma nota explica por esa vía que el avance sea tan disparejo, pues depende menos de la ley que de quién le pide cuentas a cada empresa.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2367,"children":2368},{},[2369,2371,2377,2379,2385],{"type":40,"value":2370},"Esa presión tiene una consecuencia práctica que vale la pena subrayar. En nuestra experiencia, el banco o la aseguradora que pide el modelo rara vez se conforma con recibir un archivo, y pregunta quién es el ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2372,"children":2374},{"href":2373},"/blog/encargado-prevencion-delitos/",[2375],{"type":40,"value":2376},"encargado de prevención de delitos",{"type":40,"value":2378},", cuándo se actualizó la matriz, qué denuncias ha recibido el canal y qué se hizo con ellas. Son, con otro vocabulario, las mismas preguntas que se hizo el juez de Coronel, y una empresa que no puede contestarlas pierde el crédito o el contrato antes de que ningún fiscal se interese por ella. Una evaluación periódica del modelo, idealmente por un tercero independiente como la que culmina en una ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2380,"children":2382},{"href":2381},"/blog/certificacion-mpd-requisitos/",[2383],{"type":40,"value":2384},"certificación",{"type":40,"value":2386},", sirve para ambas conversaciones, porque produce la evidencia objetiva que el tribunal y el cliente terminan pidiendo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2388,"children":2390},{"id":2389},"las-obras-del-modelo",[2391],{"type":40,"value":2392},"Las obras del modelo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2394,"children":2395},{},[2396],{"type":40,"value":2397},"La Epístola de Santiago advierte que la fe sin obras está muerta en sí misma, y lo dice a lectores tentados de creer que bastaba con profesar. Dos años de la Ley 21.595 dejan una lección de la misma familia, porque el texto reformado exime de responsabilidad a la empresa que tiene un sistema de prevención eficaz e implementado, y los dos adjetivos pesan más que el sustantivo. Un modelo que se aplica deja rastros, como actas, alertas atendidas, capacitaciones con asistencia y matrices con fecha, y son esos rastros los que convencen a un juez y a un banco. Las empresas que los estén produciendo hoy llegarán tranquilas a la audiencia que ojalá nunca tengan, y las otras descubrirán allí que un modelo sin obras pesa lo mismo que el papel en que se imprimió.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2399,"children":2400},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2402,"children":2403},{},[2404,2406,2410],{"type":40,"value":2405},"Neitcom gestiona el modelo de prevención de delitos con la trazabilidad que convierte cada control aplicado en evidencia que se puede mostrar. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2407,"children":2408},{"href":218},[2409],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2411}," sobre cómo está hoy el suyo.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2413},[2414,2415,2416,2417],{"id":2289,"depth":225,"text":2292},{"id":2305,"depth":225,"text":2308},{"id":2357,"depth":225,"text":2360},{"id":2389,"depth":225,"text":2392},"content:blog:ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales.md","blog/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales.md","blog/ley-21595-dos-anos-criterios-tribunales",{"_path":2422,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2423,"description":2424,"category":438,"readTime":12,"date":2425,"author":14,"tags":2426,"image":2428,"body":2429,"_type":233,"_id":2613,"_source":235,"_file":2614,"_stem":2615,"_extension":238},"/blog/decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones","Decreto 662, dos modelos de prevención que conviene trenzar","El reglamento de los modelos de prevención de infracciones de la Ley de Datos se parece al MPD de la Ley 20.393. Qué integrar y qué mantener separado.","2026-09-28",[2427,441,438,2247,2243,11],"Decreto 662","/images/blog/decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2430,"toc":2607},[2431,2447,2459,2464,2470,2475,2480,2492,2507,2513,2524,2529,2537,2543,2548,2553,2571,2582,2588,2593,2596],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2432,"children":2433},{},[2434,2442],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2435,"children":2436},{},[2437],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2438,"children":2439},{},[2440],{"type":40,"value":2441},"\"Y cordón de tres dobleces no se rompe pronto.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2443,"children":2444},{},[2445],{"type":40,"value":2446},"Eclesiastés 4, 12",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2448,"children":2449},{},[2450,2452,2457],{"type":40,"value":2451},"Quien haya implementado alguna vez un modelo de prevención de delitos bajo la Ley 20.393 va a tener una sensación de déjà vu al leer el reglamento que se publicó este mes. El ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":2453,"children":2454},{},[2455],{"type":40,"value":2456},"Decreto N° 662 de 2025",{"type":40,"value":2458},", del Ministerio de Hacienda, fue firmado en junio del año pasado, tomado de razón por la Contraloría el 28 de agosto de 2026, casi catorce meses después, y publicado en el Diario Oficial el 9 de septiembre. Regula cómo se implementan, certifican e inscriben los modelos de prevención de infracciones que la Ley 21.719 incorporó a la Ley 19.628 en su artículo 49, y lo hace con un vocabulario que cualquier encargado de cumplimiento reconoce de inmediato.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2460,"children":2461},{},[2462],{"type":40,"value":2463},"El parecido invita a una pregunta práctica que el reglamento no responde y que cada empresa va a tener que contestar por su cuenta. Si ya existe un modelo de prevención de delitos funcionando, con su encargado, su matriz y su canal, ¿conviene montar el modelo de datos sobre esa misma estructura o llevarlo como un programa aparte? Nuestra respuesta es que ninguna de las dos opciones puras es buena, y que lo sensato está en distinguir con cuidado qué piezas son realmente comunes y cuáles solo se parecen.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2465,"children":2467},{"id":2466},"lo-que-exige-el-reglamento",[2468],{"type":40,"value":2469},"Lo que exige el reglamento",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2471,"children":2472},{},[2473],{"type":40,"value":2474},"Los veinte artículos del decreto piden identificar al responsable de datos y a su representante legal, designar un delegado de protección de datos, caracterizar los datos y los tratamientos, construir una matriz de riesgos sobre las infracciones de los artículos 34 bis, 34 ter y 34 quáter de la Ley 19.628, y contar con protocolos, mecanismos de reporte, sanciones internas y un canal de denuncia que asegure la reserva de identidad de quien denuncia. Todo eso debe quedar incorporado en los contratos de trabajo o de servicios, incluidos los de los máximos ejecutivos, o en el reglamento interno.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2476,"children":2477},{},[2478],{"type":40,"value":2479},"El delegado lo nombra la máxima autoridad de la empresa, actúa con autonomía, puede ser interno o externo, y entre sus funciones están capacitar a los equipos y preparar un plan anual de trabajo. Su designación es obligatoria dentro de la adopción y certificación de un programa de cumplimiento. En las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas el dueño o sus máximas autoridades pueden asumir personalmente la función.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2481,"children":2482},{},[2483,2485,2490],{"type":40,"value":2484},"La certificación es voluntaria y la otorga la Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales. Los certificados duran ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":2486,"children":2487},{},[2488],{"type":40,"value":2489},"tres años",{"type":40,"value":2491}," y pueden renovarse, y una vez otorgado el modelo se inscribe en el Registro Nacional de Sanciones y Cumplimiento, de acceso público. Un programa certificado puede operar como atenuante de las sanciones, aunque no libera a la empresa de su deber general de prevenir infracciones.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":2493,"children":2494},{"type":171},[2495],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2496,"children":2497},{},[2498,2500,2506],{"type":40,"value":2499},"El decreto no tiene una fecha de vigencia propia que conviene anotar aparte. Los modelos que regula operan dentro de la Ley 21.719, cuya entrada en vigencia está fijada para el 1 de diciembre de 2026. El 1 de septiembre el Gobierno ingresó al Senado, con suma urgencia, un proyecto que propone postergarla hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2027, según informaron ese mismo día el Diario Financiero y después el estudio Carey. Mientras ese proyecto no se apruebe, la fecha que manda es la de diciembre, y el detalle de la prórroga lo revisamos en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2501,"children":2503},{"href":2502},"/blog/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027/",[2504],{"type":40,"value":2505},"un año más para la Ley 21.719",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2508,"children":2510},{"id":2509},"las-piezas-que-ya-tiene-construidas",[2511],{"type":40,"value":2512},"Las piezas que ya tiene construidas",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2514,"children":2515},{},[2516,2518,2522],{"type":40,"value":2517},"Una organización que tomó en serio su ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2519,"children":2520},{"href":2349},[2521],{"type":40,"value":2352},{"type":40,"value":2523}," tiene hecha buena parte del trabajo de infraestructura, y sería un despilfarro levantarla dos veces. La metodología para construir una matriz de riesgos, con su forma de puntuar probabilidad e impacto y su ciclo de revisión, sirve igual para los delitos del catálogo penal que para las infracciones de la ley de datos. El canal de denuncia, si ya protege la identidad del denunciante, puede recibir también las denuncias sobre tratamiento de datos, siempre que se enruten hacia quien corresponde. Las cláusulas contractuales se pueden redactar en un mismo anexo, el programa de capacitación puede tener un tronco común y el reporte periódico al directorio puede presentar ambos modelos en una misma sesión.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2525,"children":2526},{},[2527],{"type":40,"value":2528},"Hay además una ventaja que no aparece en ninguna norma, porque dos modelos llevados por equipos que no se hablan terminan pidiéndole a las mismas áreas de negocio dos levantamientos, dos entrevistas y dos planillas, y la segunda se contesta siempre con desgano.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2530,"children":2531},{},[2532],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":2533,"children":2536},{"alt":2534,"src":2535},"Los dos modelos lado a lado, con los elementos que comparten al centro y los propios de cada uno a los costados","/images/diagramas/decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2538,"children":2540},{"id":2539},"lo-que-no-conviene-fundir",[2541],{"type":40,"value":2542},"Lo que no conviene fundir",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2544,"children":2545},{},[2546],{"type":40,"value":2547},"La tentación, una vez vista la coincidencia, es declarar que el modelo de datos es un capítulo del modelo de prevención de delitos y encargárselo a la misma persona. Ahí conviene frenar, por tres razones que no son de forma.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2549,"children":2550},{},[2551],{"type":40,"value":2552},"El contenido de la matriz, para empezar, es distinto aunque su método sea el mismo. Los riesgos de la ley de datos están en los tratamientos, en las bases de licitud, en las transferencias internacionales y en las decisiones automatizadas, y quien evalúa esos riesgos necesita entender cómo fluye un dato por los sistemas de la empresa, que es un saber distinto del que se requiere para evaluar el riesgo de cohecho en una licitación pública. Una matriz única que mezcle ambos catálogos tiende a quedar superficial en los dos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2554,"children":2555},{},[2556,2558,2562,2564,2570],{"type":40,"value":2557},"Los roles, por otra parte, responden a lógicas diferentes. El delegado de protección de datos es además el punto de contacto con la Agencia y con los titulares que ejercen sus derechos, una función hacia afuera que el ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2559,"children":2560},{"href":2373},[2561],{"type":40,"value":2376},{"type":40,"value":2563}," no tiene. Que una misma persona pueda cumplir ambos papeles en una empresa pequeña es razonable, y el propio reglamento lo facilita al permitir que el dueño asuma la función, pero en una organización mediana o grande la acumulación suele producir un cargo que no alcanza a hacer bien ninguna de las dos cosas. Lo desarrollamos con más detalle en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2565,"children":2567},{"href":2566},"/blog/oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos/",[2568],{"type":40,"value":2569},"el oficial de cumplimiento y el delegado de datos",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2572,"children":2573},{},[2574,2576,2580],{"type":40,"value":2575},"Queda, por último, la consecuencia jurídica, que también es distinta y que cambia la manera en que cada modelo se pone a prueba. Un modelo de datos certificado atenúa una sanción administrativa, lo certifica la Agencia y queda en un registro público que cualquiera puede consultar. El modelo de prevención de delitos se juega en sede penal y tiene su propio régimen de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2577,"children":2578},{"href":2381},[2579],{"type":40,"value":2384},{"type":40,"value":2581},". Dos modelos con evaluadores, plazos y consecuencias distintas necesitan evidencias ordenadas por separado, aunque compartan la infraestructura que las produce.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2583,"children":2585},{"id":2584},"trenzar-sin-fundir",[2586],{"type":40,"value":2587},"Trenzar sin fundir",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2589,"children":2590},{},[2591],{"type":40,"value":2592},"La fuerza del cordón de tres dobleces que menciona el Eclesiastés viene de que cada hebra conserva su forma y las tres se apoyan al torcerse juntas, y en ningún caso de haberse fundido en una sola. Esa imagen describe bien lo que conviene hacer con estos dos modelos, que es compartir la matriz como método, el canal como tubería, la capacitación como tronco y el directorio como destinatario, y mantener separados el contenido de los riesgos, la responsabilidad de cada rol y la evidencia que cada uno tendrá que mostrar ante quien lo evalúe. La empresa que lo haga así llegará a diciembre con un programa que se sostiene, y la que funda las hebras descubrirá, el día que tire de una, que se deshilacha todo el cordón.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2594,"children":2595},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2597,"children":2598},{},[2599,2601,2605],{"type":40,"value":2600},"Neitcom gestiona matrices de riesgo, canales de denuncia y evidencias de control para programas de cumplimiento que conviven bajo más de una ley. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2602,"children":2603},{"href":218},[2604],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2606}," sobre cómo ordenar el suyo antes de que el modelo de datos tenga que mostrarse.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2608},[2609,2610,2611,2612],{"id":2466,"depth":225,"text":2469},{"id":2509,"depth":225,"text":2512},{"id":2539,"depth":225,"text":2542},{"id":2584,"depth":225,"text":2587},"content:blog:decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones.md","blog/decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones.md","blog/decreto-662-modelo-prevencion-infracciones",{"_path":2617,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2618,"description":2619,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":2620,"author":14,"tags":2621,"image":2625,"body":2626,"_type":233,"_id":2789,"_source":235,"_file":2790,"_stem":2791,"_extension":238},"/blog/riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa","El riesgo interno, cuando la alerta se apaga desde adentro","Casi todo programa de prevención vigila al cliente y pocos vigilan al que opera el control. Cómo cubrir ese punto ciego con segregación y trazabilidad.","2026-09-23",[2622,2623,2624,249,11],"Riesgo Interno","Tres Líneas de Defensa","Trazabilidad","/images/blog/riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2627,"toc":2783},[2628,2644,2649,2654,2659,2665,2670,2675,2683,2689,2694,2699,2704,2712,2718,2723,2728,2733,2738,2743,2749,2754,2759,2764,2767],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2629,"children":2630},{},[2631,2639],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2632,"children":2633},{},[2634],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2635,"children":2636},{},[2637],{"type":40,"value":2638},"\"No hay peor cuña que la del mismo palo.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2640,"children":2641},{},[2642],{"type":40,"value":2643},"Refrán castellano",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2645,"children":2646},{},[2647],{"type":40,"value":2648},"Todo programa de prevención de lavado de activos se construye mirando hacia afuera. La matriz de riesgo clasifica clientes, la debida diligencia indaga en su origen, el monitoreo transaccional observa sus movimientos y las señales de alerta describen conductas que el cliente podría tener. La arquitectura completa supone que el peligro llega desde el otro lado del mostrador y que la organización, que está de este lado, es el observador.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2650,"children":2651},{},[2652],{"type":40,"value":2653},"Esa suposición tiene una consecuencia que rara vez se discute en los comités. Si el riesgo llegara alguna vez desde dentro de la organización, desde la persona que opera el control en lugar de desde el cliente que el control observa, el sistema no produciría una alerta ruidosa. Produciría silencio, que es el resultado que un sistema de vigilancia entrega cuando alguien apagó el sensor en lugar de activarlo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2655,"children":2656},{},[2657],{"type":40,"value":2658},"Las investigaciones penales conocidas en Chile durante este año han puesto esa posibilidad sobre la mesa pública, al describir estructuras criminales donde el eslabón más sofisticado no estaba entre los clientes sino entre quienes operaban desde dentro del sistema financiero, fraccionando depósitos y mitigando alertas de cumplimiento. Lo que sigue no es un comentario sobre esos casos, que están en manos de los tribunales y donde rige la presunción de inocencia, sino sobre la pregunta de diseño que dejan planteada para cualquier programa de prevención.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2660,"children":2662},{"id":2661},"tres-líneas-de-defensa-y-un-punto-ciego",[2663],{"type":40,"value":2664},"Tres líneas de defensa y un punto ciego",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2666,"children":2667},{},[2668],{"type":40,"value":2669},"El modelo de las tres líneas de defensa, que ordena el gobierno de riesgos en casi toda organización madura, distribuye responsabilidades de manera clara. La primera línea son las áreas de negocio, que aplican los controles en el curso de su trabajo cotidiano y detectan en primer lugar. La segunda es cumplimiento, que diseña las políticas, monitorea su aplicación y escala lo que corresponde. La tercera es auditoría interna, que evalúa de manera independiente si las dos anteriores están haciendo lo que dicen.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2671,"children":2672},{},[2673],{"type":40,"value":2674},"El modelo funciona muy bien contra el error y bastante bien contra el descuido. Su punto ciego aparece cuando quien debe aplicar el control es también quien tiene interés en que el control no se aplique, porque en ese escenario la primera línea no falla por omisión sino por acción, y las líneas siguientes reciben información que ya viene depurada.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2676,"children":2677},{},[2678],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":2679,"children":2682},{"alt":2680,"src":2681},"Las tres líneas de defensa y el punto donde el riesgo interno las neutraliza","/images/diagramas/riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2684,"children":2686},{"id":2685},"cómo-se-ve-exactamente-una-alerta-apagada",[2687],{"type":40,"value":2688},"Cómo se ve, exactamente, una alerta apagada",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2690,"children":2691},{},[2692],{"type":40,"value":2693},"Conviene bajar esto a lo concreto, porque en abstracto suena a escenario de película y en la práctica es bastante gris.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2695,"children":2696},{},[2697],{"type":40,"value":2698},"Una alerta de monitoreo transaccional se genera de manera automática y llega a una bandeja donde alguien la clasifica. Ese alguien puede cerrarla como falso positivo, y al hacerlo escribe una justificación. La inmensa mayoría de esos cierres son correctos y necesarios, porque un sistema que no permitiera descartar falsos positivos colapsaría en una semana. Pero el mismo mecanismo que hace viable la operación es el que permite que una alerta legítima se cierre con una explicación razonable y desaparezca sin dejar ruido.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2700,"children":2701},{},[2702],{"type":40,"value":2703},"Lo mismo ocurre en la debida diligencia. Un expediente incompleto puede completarse con documentación que nadie contrasta. Un perfil transaccional puede describirse de manera holgada para que ninguna operación futura lo exceda. Una operación que debería fraccionarse en varios reportes puede registrarse de manera que ninguna pieza cruce el umbral. Ninguna de esas acciones dispara una alarma, porque todas son, vistas de a una, decisiones ordinarias del trabajo diario.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":2705,"children":2706},{"type":542},[2707],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2708,"children":2709},{},[2710],{"type":40,"value":2711},"La pregunta que conviene llevar al próximo comité no es si su organización tiene personas confiables, porque casi siempre las tiene. Es si el sistema podría distinguir entre un analista que cerró cien alertas con criterio y otro que cerró cien alertas para que nadie las mirara. Si la respuesta depende de la confianza en la persona y no de un dato observable, ahí está el punto ciego.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2713,"children":2715},{"id":2714},"los-cuatro-controles-que-cubren-el-hueco",[2716],{"type":40,"value":2717},"Los cuatro controles que cubren el hueco",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2719,"children":2720},{},[2721],{"type":40,"value":2722},"Lo que sigue no requiere tecnología exótica ni presupuestos nuevos. Requiere decidir que el riesgo interno merece controles propios.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2724,"children":2725},{},[2726],{"type":40,"value":2727},"El primero es la segregación de funciones en el circuito de alertas. Quien origina o mantiene la relación comercial con un cliente no debiera ser quien decide que una alerta sobre ese cliente se cierra. Cuando ambas funciones coinciden en la misma persona, el control existe en el papel y no en la realidad.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2729,"children":2730},{},[2731],{"type":40,"value":2732},"El segundo es la trazabilidad completa, que es la palabra aburrida detrás de la cual se esconde casi toda la eficacia de un programa. Registrar quién consultó a cada cliente, en qué momento, con qué resultado, quién revisó cada alerta y qué decidió, convierte conductas individualmente invisibles en patrones visibles. Nadie puede ver una alerta cerrada de manera indebida, pero cualquiera puede ver que una persona cierra el triple de alertas que sus pares, o que concentra los cierres en un grupo acotado de clientes.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2734,"children":2735},{},[2736],{"type":40,"value":2737},"El tercero es la revisión por muestreo independiente. Un porcentaje de los cierres de alerta y de los expedientes de debida diligencia debiera revisarlo alguien que no participó en ellos, de manera periódica y aleatoria. El valor de esa revisión no está tanto en lo que encuentra como en que exista.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2739,"children":2740},{},[2741],{"type":40,"value":2742},"El cuarto es el canal de denuncias funcionando de verdad. Con frecuencia alguien dentro de la organización nota algo antes que los sistemas. Que esa persona tenga dónde decirlo, con protección real, suele ser el control más eficaz de todos y el más barato.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2744,"children":2746},{"id":2745},"mirar-también-hacia-adentro",[2747],{"type":40,"value":2748},"Mirar también hacia adentro",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2750,"children":2751},{},[2752],{"type":40,"value":2753},"Hay una asimetría curiosa en cómo las organizaciones distribuyen su desconfianza. A un cliente nuevo le piden documentación, le verifican el origen de sus fondos, lo cruzan contra listas internacionales y le construyen un perfil. A quien opera ese mismo proceso le piden, habitualmente, un currículum y referencias.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2755,"children":2756},{},[2757],{"type":40,"value":2758},"No se trata de invertir la desconfianza ni de instalar sospecha permanente sobre el propio equipo, que sería un remedio peor que la enfermedad y destruiría la cultura que cualquier programa necesita para funcionar. Se trata de reconocer que un sistema de control que solo mira en una dirección tiene, por construcción, un lado por el que no ve, y que ese lado es precisamente el que un adversario sofisticado va a buscar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2760,"children":2761},{},[2762],{"type":40,"value":2763},"El refrán castellano advierte que no hay peor cuña que la del mismo palo, y lo dice con la resignación de quien ya aprendió la lección. Un programa de prevención maduro no supone malicia en su gente. Supone, simplemente, que la confianza es una virtud y no un control, y que las dos cosas hacen falta.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2765,"children":2766},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2768,"children":2769},{},[2770,2772,2776,2778,2782],{"type":40,"value":2771},"Neitcom registra cada consulta, cada screening y cada revisión de su equipo, con la trazabilidad que permite distinguir un criterio de un patrón. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2773,"children":2774},{"href":218},[2775],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2777}," o revise nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2779,"children":2780},{"href":377},[2781],{"type":40,"value":936},{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2784},[2785,2786,2787,2788],{"id":2661,"depth":225,"text":2664},{"id":2685,"depth":225,"text":2688},{"id":2714,"depth":225,"text":2717},{"id":2745,"depth":225,"text":2748},"content:blog:riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa.md","blog/riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa.md","blog/riesgo-interno-lineas-defensa",{"_path":2793,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2794,"description":2795,"category":1888,"readTime":2796,"date":2797,"dateModified":2068,"author":14,"tags":2798,"image":2802,"body":2803,"_type":233,"_id":2928,"_source":235,"_file":2929,"_stem":2930,"_extension":238},"/blog/apnfd-abogados-contadores-perimetro","Los guardianes que Chile dejó fuera del perímetro antilavado","El GAFI incluye a abogados y contadores entre las profesiones designadas. En Chile el notario reporta y el abogado no, y la Quinta Ronda lo va a preguntar.",5,"2026-09-22",[2799,2800,2801,1888,249,11],"GAFI","APNFD","Sujetos Obligados","/images/blog/apnfd-abogados-contadores-perimetro.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2804,"toc":2923},[2805,2820,2825,2830,2836,2841,2846,2854,2860,2865,2870,2878,2884,2889,2894,2899,2904,2907],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2806,"children":2807},{},[2808,2816],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2809,"children":2810},{},[2811],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2812,"children":2813},{},[2814],{"type":40,"value":2815},"\"En casa del herrero, cuchillo de palo.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2817,"children":2818},{},[2819],{"type":40,"value":2643},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2821,"children":2822},{},[2823],{"type":40,"value":2824},"Imagine una operación cualquiera de las que ocurren todos los días en Santiago. Una sociedad se constituye, adquiere un inmueble y abre una cuenta. En el trayecto intervienen varias manos profesionales. Un abogado redacta los estatutos y arma la estructura societaria. Un contador organiza la contabilidad y define cómo se registrarán los aportes. Un notario autoriza la escritura. Un corredor de propiedades intermedia la compraventa. Un banco recibe los fondos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2826,"children":2827},{},[2828],{"type":40,"value":2829},"De esas cinco manos, tres tienen hoy la obligación legal de conocer a su cliente, identificar al beneficiario final y reportar a la Unidad de Análisis Financiero lo que les parezca sospechoso. Dos no la tienen. Y las dos que no la tienen son, curiosamente, las que estuvieron más temprano en la operación y las que diseñaron su arquitectura.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2831,"children":2833},{"id":2832},"una-asimetría-difícil-de-explicar",[2834],{"type":40,"value":2835},"Una asimetría difícil de explicar",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2837,"children":2838},{},[2839],{"type":40,"value":2840},"El Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional agrupa bajo la sigla APNFD a las actividades y profesiones no financieras designadas, una categoría que reúne a los casinos, los comerciantes de piedras y metales preciosos, los agentes inmobiliarios, los notarios, los contadores y los abogados. Su Recomendación 22 establece que las exigencias de debida diligencia y de conservación de registros se aplican a abogados, notarios, otros profesionales jurídicos independientes y contadores cuando se disponen a realizar o realizan transacciones de determinado tipo por cuenta de sus clientes.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2842,"children":2843},{},[2844],{"type":40,"value":2845},"La doctrina chilena ha hecho notar la consecuencia de esa definición con una claridad incómoda. El GAFI considera a notarios y abogados, conjuntamente, profesionales legales, y sin embargo en el caso chileno solo los primeros están obligados a adoptar medidas para prevenir el lavado de activos. La distinción no se sostiene en la naturaleza de la actividad, porque ambos participan de las mismas operaciones, sino en una decisión legislativa que dejó a unos dentro del perímetro y a otros fuera.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2847,"children":2848},{},[2849],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":2850,"children":2853},{"alt":2851,"src":2852},"Perímetro de sujetos obligados en Chile frente al estándar GAFI","/images/diagramas/apnfd-perimetro-chile.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2855,"children":2857},{"id":2856},"no-es-una-opinión-de-neitcom-es-la-agenda-pendiente-del-país",[2858],{"type":40,"value":2859},"No es una opinión de Neitcom, es la agenda pendiente del país",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2861,"children":2862},{},[2863],{"type":40,"value":2864},"Podría pensarse que esto es un reclamo del gremio de la prevención. No lo es. La propia Unidad de Análisis Financiero lleva años planteándolo, y figura entre las recomendaciones que el GAFILAT dejó a Chile tras la evaluación de la Cuarta Ronda, donde se señaló que el país debiera incluir a los abogados, contadores, proveedores de servicios societarios y comerciantes de metales y piedras preciosas dentro del Sistema Nacional contra el lavado de activos y el financiamiento del terrorismo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2866,"children":2867},{},[2868],{"type":40,"value":2869},"De esa lista, una parte ya se resolvió. La Ley N°21.575, publicada en mayo de 2023, incorporó a los comerciantes de metales preciosos y a los de joyas y piedras preciosas, de modo que la brecha pendiente quedó acotada a los profesionales legales y contables. El director de la UAF la ha mencionado públicamente entre las brechas de efectividad del sistema nacional, junto con la necesidad de contar con un registro de beneficiarios finales que cumpla los estándares internacionales, de manera de poder identificar a las organizaciones y personas naturales que están detrás de estructuras jurídicas complejas. Las dos brechas están emparentadas, y esa relación merece subrayarse. Quien diseña una estructura societaria compleja es precisamente el profesional que hoy no tiene deber alguno de preguntarse para qué sirve la estructura que está diseñando.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":2871,"children":2872},{"type":542},[2873],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2874,"children":2875},{},[2876],{"type":40,"value":2877},"Conviene precisar el alcance, porque el debate público suele deformarlo. La Recomendación 22 no propone que todo abogado reporte todo lo que sabe de todos sus clientes. Acota la obligación a situaciones determinadas, entre ellas la compraventa de inmuebles, la administración de dinero o valores del cliente, la gestión de cuentas y la creación u operación de personas jurídicas. El secreto profesional en la defensa penal no es lo que está en discusión.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2879,"children":2881},{"id":2880},"por-qué-esto-se-vuelve-urgente-ahora",[2882],{"type":40,"value":2883},"Por qué esto se vuelve urgente ahora",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2885,"children":2886},{},[2887],{"type":40,"value":2888},"La Quinta Ronda de Evaluaciones Mutuas introdujo un cambio metodológico que convierte esta brecha en un problema con nombre propio. Donde antes la supervisión del sector financiero y la de las actividades no financieras se evaluaban de manera entremezclada, ahora se separan en resultados inmediatos distintos, de modo que la efectividad del país respecto de las APNFD se mide y se califica por su cuenta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2890,"children":2891},{},[2892],{"type":40,"value":2893},"Dicho de otro modo, Chile ya no podrá compensar un perímetro incompleto en las profesiones no financieras con el buen desempeño de su sector bancario. Ambas cosas se miran por separado, y la pregunta sobre por qué el notario reporta y el abogado no tendrá que responderse mirando a los ojos a un equipo evaluador.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2895,"children":2896},{},[2897],{"type":40,"value":2898},"Para las empresas que ya son sujetos obligados hay además una consecuencia inmediata, que existe con independencia de lo que decida el legislador. Cuando una parte de la cadena profesional no tiene deberes de prevención, la debida diligencia que sí le corresponde a usted tiene que cubrir más terreno. La estructura societaria que llega armada desde un estudio jurídico que nunca se preguntó por su beneficiario final llega a su escritorio sin ningún filtro previo, y el filtro, entonces, es usted.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2900,"children":2901},{},[2902],{"type":40,"value":2903},"El refrán castellano describe la casa del herrero, donde el cuchillo es de palo, y con eso nombra una paradoja que cualquiera reconoce. El caso chileno tiene una variante propia y bastante más incómoda. No es que a quienes mejor conocen las estructuras societarias les falte la herramienta para examinarlas. Es que nadie les pidió nunca que la usaran.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":2905,"children":2906},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2908,"children":2909},{},[2910,2912,2916,2917,2922],{"type":40,"value":2911},"Neitcom verifica contra listas PEP, ONU y OFAC a los beneficiarios finales que usted identifica, que es el filtro que hay que aplicar cuando la cadena profesional no lo aplicó antes. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2913,"children":2914},{"href":218},[2915],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":2777},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":2918,"children":2919},{"href":1844},[2920],{"type":40,"value":2921},"la lista completa de sujetos obligados",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":2924},[2925,2926,2927],{"id":2832,"depth":225,"text":2835},{"id":2856,"depth":225,"text":2859},{"id":2880,"depth":225,"text":2883},"content:blog:apnfd-abogados-contadores-perimetro.md","blog/apnfd-abogados-contadores-perimetro.md","blog/apnfd-abogados-contadores-perimetro",{"_path":2932,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":2933,"description":2934,"category":249,"readTime":2796,"date":2935,"author":14,"tags":2936,"image":2939,"body":2940,"_type":233,"_id":3077,"_source":235,"_file":3078,"_stem":3079,"_extension":238},"/blog/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos","El Subsistema de Inteligencia Económica y el fin de los silos","El proyecto conecta a la UAF, el SII y Aduanas, crea unidades de análisis en ambos servicios y sube las multas. Qué cambia para el sujeto obligado.","2026-09-21",[1888,2937,2938,249,1893,11],"SII","Aduanas","/images/blog/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":2941,"toc":3072},[2942,2963,2968,2973,2979,2984,2989,2994,2999,3007,3013,3018,3023,3031,3037,3042,3047,3052,3055],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":2943,"children":2944},{},[2945,2953],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2946,"children":2947},{},[2948],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2949,"children":2950},{},[2951],{"type":40,"value":2952},"\"El todo es algo más que la suma de sus partes.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2954,"children":2955},{},[2956,2958],{"type":40,"value":2957},"Aristóteles, en la ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":2959,"children":2960},{},[2961],{"type":40,"value":2962},"Metafísica",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2964,"children":2965},{},[2966],{"type":40,"value":2967},"Durante más de veinte años el sistema chileno de prevención del lavado de activos funcionó como una casa de habitaciones incomunicadas. La Unidad de Análisis Financiero recibía reportes de operaciones sospechosas y construía inteligencia financiera con ellos. El Servicio de Impuestos Internos observaba declaraciones, facturas y patrimonios. El Servicio Nacional de Aduanas miraba el flujo de mercancías por las fronteras. Cada uno veía una porción del mismo animal, como aquellos sabios de la parábola india que palpaban al elefante por separado y describían tres criaturas distintas, y el criminal organizado, que sí veía el animal completo, encontraba su espacio justamente en las paredes que separaban esas habitaciones.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2969,"children":2970},{},[2971],{"type":40,"value":2972},"El proyecto de ley que crea el Subsistema de Inteligencia Económica, contenido en el Boletín N°15.975-25, se propone derribar esas paredes. Pasó a Comisión Mixta en junio de este año, instancia que quedó presidida por el senador Karim Bianchi y que sigue trabada en una discusión específica sobre si la UAF puede requerir directamente información bancaria sin autorización judicial previa. Esa discusión ha copado los titulares y ha dejado en penumbra el resto del proyecto, que es donde vive lo que realmente le cambia el trabajo a un sujeto obligado.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":2974,"children":2976},{"id":2975},"lo-que-el-proyecto-hace-además-del-secreto-bancario",[2977],{"type":40,"value":2978},"Lo que el proyecto hace además del secreto bancario",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2980,"children":2981},{},[2982],{"type":40,"value":2983},"Conviene ordenar las tres piezas que importan, porque operan en planos distintos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2985,"children":2986},{},[2987],{"type":40,"value":2988},"La primera es la interconexión. El proyecto establece un sistema de trabajo conjunto entre la UAF, el Servicio de Impuestos Internos y el Servicio Nacional de Aduanas, de modo que esas instituciones puedan intercambiar información y reforzar sus capacidades de análisis para detectar movimientos irregulares. Lo que hoy exige oficios, plazos y voluntades coincidentes pasaría a ser un flujo institucional previsto por la ley.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2990,"children":2991},{},[2992],{"type":40,"value":2993},"La segunda es la creación de capacidad analítica donde antes solo había registros. El proyecto contempla unidades de inteligencia y análisis económico al interior del Servicio de Impuestos Internos y del Servicio Nacional de Aduanas, lo que significa que esos organismos dejan de ser meros depositarios de datos para convertirse en productores de inteligencia sobre esos mismos datos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":2995,"children":2996},{},[2997],{"type":40,"value":2998},"La tercera, la menos comentada y la que más debiera interesar a quien lee estas líneas, es el aumento de los montos de las multas por infracciones que puede aplicar la UAF, con una determinación que considera la capacidad económica del infractor, la gravedad y las consecuencias del hecho u omisión, y la conducta previa del sancionado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3000,"children":3001},{},[3002],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":3003,"children":3006},{"alt":3004,"src":3005},"Flujo de información en el Subsistema de Inteligencia Económica","/images/diagramas/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3008,"children":3010},{"id":3009},"por-qué-el-silo-lo-protegía-a-usted-también",[3011],{"type":40,"value":3012},"Por qué el silo lo protegía a usted también",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3014,"children":3015},{},[3016],{"type":40,"value":3017},"Aquí hay una incomodidad que vale la pena decir en voz alta. Durante años, la fragmentación del Estado funcionó como un colchón involuntario para el cumplimiento mediocre. Un reporte de operaciones en efectivo enviado tarde, una debida diligencia hecha a medias, un expediente con datos que no cuadraban con la realidad tributaria del cliente, todo eso descansaba en la razonable probabilidad de que nadie cruzara ese dato con ningún otro. El sujeto obligado que cumplía de manera formal pero no sustantiva vivía protegido por la misma arquitectura que protegía al lavador.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3019,"children":3020},{},[3021],{"type":40,"value":3022},"Cuando la información se cruza, esa protección desaparece en ambos sentidos. Un cliente cuyo perfil transaccional declarado ante su empresa no guarda relación alguna con lo que declara ante el Servicio de Impuestos Internos, o cuyas importaciones registradas en Aduanas no calzan con el giro que le informó a usted, deja de ser una inconsistencia invisible para convertirse en una señal disponible. Y la pregunta que la autoridad podrá hacerle, con la información a la vista, ya no será si detectó algo, sino por qué no lo detectó teniendo los antecedentes que tenía.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3024,"children":3025},{"type":171},[3026],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3027,"children":3028},{},[3029],{"type":40,"value":3030},"Un matiz que conviene retener. El proyecto restituye una facultad excepcional de la UAF para acceder a información amparada por el secreto bancario cuando resulte estrictamente necesaria para desarrollar o completar el análisis de operaciones sospechosas previamente reportadas. La expresión previamente reportadas no es casual. El punto de partida de todo el mecanismo sigue siendo el reporte del sujeto obligado.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3032,"children":3034},{"id":3033},"el-reporte-deja-de-ser-un-trámite",[3035],{"type":40,"value":3036},"El reporte deja de ser un trámite",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3038,"children":3039},{},[3040],{"type":40,"value":3041},"Esa última observación merece desarrollarse, porque contiene la consecuencia práctica más clara de todo el proyecto. Un reporte de operación sospechosa es, hoy, el comienzo de un análisis que la UAF realiza con las herramientas que tiene. Si el Subsistema se aprueba, ese mismo reporte pasa a ser el disparador de un análisis que puede convocar información tributaria, aduanera y, bajo el procedimiento que finalmente se apruebe, bancaria. El insumo es el mismo. Lo que cambia es lo que el Estado puede hacer con él.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3043,"children":3044},{},[3045],{"type":40,"value":3046},"Ahí está la razón por la cual la calidad del reporte importa más de lo que importaba. Un reporte defensivo, presentado sin análisis para cubrir la espalda del oficial de cumplimiento, alimenta una máquina más poderosa con material de mala calidad, y las máquinas poderosas alimentadas con material de mala calidad producen ruido a escala. Un reporte fundado, en cambio, activa un cruce que ninguna empresa podría hacer por su cuenta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3048,"children":3049},{},[3050],{"type":40,"value":3051},"Aristóteles observó que el todo es algo más que la suma de sus partes, y aunque lo escribió pensando en la naturaleza de las sustancias, describe con precisión lo que ocurre cuando tres organismos que veían fragmentos empiezan a ver la figura completa. Para el sujeto obligado que hace bien su trabajo, esa figura completa es un aliado. Para el que lo hace por cumplir, es la desaparición del último lugar donde su descuido pasaba inadvertido.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3053,"children":3054},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3056,"children":3057},{},[3058,3060,3064,3066,3071],{"type":40,"value":3059},"Neitcom entrega trazabilidad completa de cada consulta PEP, cada screening y cada proceso de debida diligencia, que es el respaldo que sostiene un reporte bien fundado. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3061,"children":3062},{"href":218},[3063],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":3065}," o revise nuestra guía sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3067,"children":3068},{"href":390},[3069],{"type":40,"value":3070},"cómo enviar un reporte de operación sospechosa",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3073},[3074,3075,3076],{"id":2975,"depth":225,"text":2978},{"id":3009,"depth":225,"text":3012},{"id":3033,"depth":225,"text":3036},"content:blog:subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos.md","blog/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos.md","blog/subsistema-inteligencia-economica-silos",{"_path":3081,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3082,"description":3083,"category":11,"readTime":2796,"date":3084,"author":14,"tags":3085,"image":3088,"body":3089,"_type":233,"_id":3214,"_source":235,"_file":3215,"_stem":3216,"_extension":238},"/blog/programa-prevencion-cambio-normativo","Cuando la ley cambia más rápido que el manual de prevención","El perímetro de sujetos obligados se amplió tres veces en tres años. Cómo mantener vivo un programa de prevención sin rehacerlo cada vez que cambia la ley.","2026-09-12",[249,3086,3087,1888,11],"Oficial de Cumplimiento","Matriz de Riesgo","/images/blog/programa-prevencion-cambio-normativo.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3090,"toc":3209},[3091,3107,3112,3117,3123,3128,3133,3138,3144,3149,3154,3159,3164,3172,3178,3183,3188,3191],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3092,"children":3093},{},[3094,3102],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3095,"children":3096},{},[3097],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3098,"children":3099},{},[3100],{"type":40,"value":3101},"\"En los mismos ríos entramos y no entramos, pues somos y no somos los mismos.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3103,"children":3104},{},[3105],{"type":40,"value":3106},"Heráclito de Éfeso",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3108,"children":3109},{},[3110],{"type":40,"value":3111},"Un oficial de cumplimiento que hubiera diseñado su programa de prevención en 2022 y lo hubiera dejado funcionando sin tocarlo tendría hoy un documento que describe un país que ya no existe. En enero de 2023 la Ley Fintec sumó al perímetro a los inscritos en el Registro de Prestadores de Servicios Financieros y en el de Proveedores de Servicios de Iniciación de Pagos. En mayo del mismo año la Ley Antinarcos incorporó de una sola vez a las automotoras y comercializadoras de vehículos, las empresas de arriendo, quienes fabrican o venden armas, los clubes de tiro, caza y pesca, los comerciantes de equinos de raza pura, los de metales preciosos y los de joyas y piedras preciosas. En junio de 2025 la Circular N°62 sistematizó y reemplazó más de veinte circulares previas. Y en agosto de este año la Cámara despachó al Senado la incorporación de los delitos contra la propiedad industrial al catálogo de precedentes del lavado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3113,"children":3114},{},[3115],{"type":40,"value":3116},"Cuatro movimientos de fondo en poco más de tres años. La pregunta que queremos explorar acá no es cuáles son, porque de eso hemos escrito en otros artículos, sino una bastante menos frecuentada. Cómo se construye un programa de prevención capaz de envejecer bien.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3118,"children":3120},{"id":3119},"el-manual-que-nadie-lee",[3121],{"type":40,"value":3122},"El manual que nadie lee",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3124,"children":3125},{},[3126],{"type":40,"value":3127},"Existe un hallazgo incómodo que la propia experiencia de fiscalización en Chile ha puesto sobre la mesa, y es que la falta más repetida en los procesos sancionatorios no es una sofisticada omisión de reporte sino algo mucho más doméstico. La ausencia del manual antilavado, o el manejo de versiones desactualizadas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3129,"children":3130},{},[3131],{"type":40,"value":3132},"Vale la pena detenerse en eso, porque desnuda una manera de entender el cumplimiento que sigue siendo común. El manual como objeto ceremonial, redactado una vez con esmero, aprobado por el directorio, archivado en una carpeta compartida y consultado únicamente cuando alguien avisa que viene una supervisión. Un documento que existe para ser mostrado y no para ser usado, y que por lo mismo se desactualiza sin que nadie lo note, porque quien no usa una herramienta tampoco advierte cuando dejó de servir.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3134,"children":3135},{},[3136],{"type":40,"value":3137},"La asimetría de la supervisión alimenta esa costumbre. Con más de nueve mil novecientas personas naturales y jurídicas inscritas en el Registro de Entidades Reportantes y una capacidad de fiscalización que se cuenta en centenares de acciones al año, la probabilidad estadística de ser supervisado en un ejercicio determinado es baja. Es una aritmética que invita a la displicencia, y es exactamente la aritmética equivocada, porque la supervisión basada en riesgo no reparte sus visitas al azar sino que las dirige hacia donde los indicadores sugieren problemas.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3139,"children":3141},{"id":3140},"tres-hábitos-que-sostienen-un-programa-vivo",[3142],{"type":40,"value":3143},"Tres hábitos que sostienen un programa vivo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3145,"children":3146},{},[3147],{"type":40,"value":3148},"Lo que distingue a un programa que envejece bien de uno que se fosiliza no es el tamaño del equipo ni el presupuesto, sino tres hábitos bastante modestos que conviene instalar como rutina.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3150,"children":3151},{},[3152],{"type":40,"value":3153},"El primero es asignarle dueño y periodicidad a la vigilancia normativa. Alguien, con nombre y apellido, debe tener en su descripción de funciones la tarea de revisar trimestralmente qué cambió en la Ley 19.913, en las circulares de la UAF, en la normativa del regulador sectorial que corresponda y en los proyectos con urgencia en el Congreso. No es una tarea de abogados sino de lectura sistemática, y su ausencia explica la mayoría de los desfases.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3155,"children":3156},{},[3157],{"type":40,"value":3158},"El segundo es tratar la matriz de riesgos como un documento de trabajo y no como un anexo. Cada vez que el catálogo de delitos base se amplía, que aparece un tipo de cliente nuevo o que la empresa entra a un canal distinto, la matriz debería moverse. Si lleva dos años idéntica en una empresa que sí cambió durante esos dos años, el problema no es la matriz sino lo que revela sobre cómo se la usa.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3160,"children":3161},{},[3162],{"type":40,"value":3163},"El tercero es exigirle trazabilidad a todo lo que se hace. Una revisión de cliente que no queda registrada, con fecha, responsable y resultado, tiene el mismo valor probatorio que no haberla hecho. Y como la supervisión moderna evalúa efectividad y no declaraciones, la capacidad de demostrar la operación cotidiana pasa a ser tan importante como la operación misma.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3165,"children":3166},{"type":171},[3167],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3168,"children":3169},{},[3170],{"type":40,"value":3171},"Un ejercicio simple para medir si su programa está vivo. Tome el manual vigente y busque en él los rubros incorporados en 2023 y las obligaciones de la Circular N°62. Si no aparecen, o aparecen como un anexo pegado al final sin integrarse al cuerpo de las políticas, el documento describe una empresa anterior a la actual.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3173,"children":3175},{"id":3174},"el-río-de-heráclito",[3176],{"type":40,"value":3177},"El río de Heráclito",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3179,"children":3180},{},[3181],{"type":40,"value":3182},"El filósofo de Éfeso observó que nadie entra dos veces al mismo río, y agregó una precisión que suele olvidarse cuando se cita la frase, según la cual tampoco somos los mismos quienes entramos. El cumplimiento normativo funciona igual. Cambia la ley, cambia el catálogo, cambian los sujetos obligados, y cambia también la empresa, que en tres años incorporó clientes nuevos, abrió canales digitales y probablemente rotó a la mitad de su equipo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3184,"children":3185},{},[3186],{"type":40,"value":3187},"Un programa de prevención que supone que nada de eso ocurrió no está mal escrito. Está describiendo un río que ya pasó. La buena noticia es que mantenerlo al día cuesta mucho menos que rehacerlo cada vez que alguien descubre, con la supervisión encima, cuánto se movió el agua.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3189,"children":3190},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3192,"children":3193},{},[3194,3196,3200,3202,3208],{"type":40,"value":3195},"Neitcom mantiene actualizadas las listas, las fuentes y los criterios de screening para que su programa refleje la normativa vigente sin que usted tenga que perseguirla. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3197,"children":3198},{"href":218},[3199],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":3201}," o revise nuestra ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3203,"children":3205},{"href":3204},"/blog/circular-uaf-62-guia-completa/",[3206],{"type":40,"value":3207},"guía completa de la Circular 62",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3210},[3211,3212,3213],{"id":3119,"depth":225,"text":3122},{"id":3140,"depth":225,"text":3143},{"id":3174,"depth":225,"text":3177},"content:blog:programa-prevencion-cambio-normativo.md","blog/programa-prevencion-cambio-normativo.md","blog/programa-prevencion-cambio-normativo",{"_path":3218,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3219,"description":3220,"category":249,"readTime":2796,"date":3221,"author":14,"tags":3222,"image":3224,"body":3225,"_type":233,"_id":3343,"_source":235,"_file":3344,"_stem":3345,"_extension":238},"/blog/falsificacion-marcas-delito-base-lavado","La falsificación de marcas entra al catálogo del lavado de activos","La Cámara aprobó por unanimidad sumar los delitos contra la propiedad industrial como precedentes de lavado. Qué sectores quedan más expuestos y por qué.","2026-09-11",[249,21,3223,1893,11],"Delitos Base","/images/blog/falsificacion-marcas-delito-base-lavado.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3226,"toc":3338},[3227,3242,3247,3252,3258,3263,3268,3274,3279,3284,3289,3297,3303,3308,3313,3318,3321],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3228,"children":3229},{},[3230,3238],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3231,"children":3232},{},[3233],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3234,"children":3235},{},[3236],{"type":40,"value":3237},"\"No es oro todo lo que reluce.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3239,"children":3240},{},[3241],{"type":40,"value":2643},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3243,"children":3244},{},[3245],{"type":40,"value":3246},"Durante mucho tiempo la falsificación de mercaderías ocupó en el imaginario nacional un lugar curiosamente benévolo, algo así como una picardía de feria libre, el reloj que imita a otro reloj y engaña solamente a quien quiere ser engañado. Esa lectura amable está terminando, y lo está haciendo por la puerta del derecho penal económico. El 17 de agosto de este año la Sala de la Cámara de Diputadas y Diputados aprobó por unanimidad, con ciento treinta votos a favor, el proyecto que modifica la Ley N°19.913 para incorporar los delitos contra la propiedad industrial al catálogo de delitos precedentes del lavado de activos. El texto quedó despachado al Senado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3248,"children":3249},{},[3250],{"type":40,"value":3251},"El fundamento de la iniciativa merece leerse con atención, porque describe un fenómeno que el rubro del cumplimiento observa hace años sin tener siempre las herramientas para nombrarlo. Las organizaciones criminales han ampliado sus fuentes de financiamiento hacia delitos menos visibles, entre ellos la falsificación industrial y el comercio informal, ejecutados por redes estructuradas con financiamiento propio, conexiones internacionales y niveles de sofisticación que dificultan rastrear el origen y el destino de los recursos. Y esos recursos, una vez obtenidos, ingresan al circuito económico formal disfrazados de ganancias legítimas.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3253,"children":3255},{"id":3254},"qué-significa-que-un-delito-sea-precedente",[3256],{"type":40,"value":3257},"Qué significa que un delito sea precedente",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3259,"children":3260},{},[3261],{"type":40,"value":3262},"Conviene detenerse un momento en la mecánica, porque de ella depende todo lo demás. El lavado de activos no es un delito que exista por sí solo en el vacío, sino uno que se construye sobre otro anterior. Alguien comete un delito, obtiene dinero de él y luego lo introduce en la economía formal ocultando su origen. Ese delito anterior es el precedente o delito base, y solamente los que la ley enumera sirven de fundamento para perseguir el lavado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3264,"children":3265},{},[3266],{"type":40,"value":3267},"De ahí que el catálogo funcione como un perímetro. Lo que queda dentro puede perseguirse como lavado con todo el arsenal que eso implica, desde técnicas investigativas especiales hasta el decomiso de bienes. Lo que queda fuera se persigue solamente como el delito original, con penas habitualmente menores y sin tocar el patrimonio acumulado. Ampliar el catálogo, entonces, no es un gesto simbólico. Es mover la línea de lo que el Estado puede efectivamente ir a buscar.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3269,"children":3271},{"id":3270},"a-quién-le-cambia-el-trabajo",[3272],{"type":40,"value":3273},"A quién le cambia el trabajo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3275,"children":3276},{},[3277],{"type":40,"value":3278},"Y aquí llegamos a la parte que interesa al oficial de cumplimiento, porque un cambio en el catálogo de delitos base repercute directamente sobre la matriz de riesgos de miles de sujetos obligados que quizás nunca se sintieron cercanos al problema.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3280,"children":3281},{},[3282],{"type":40,"value":3283},"Piense en un comerciante mayorista que recibe pagos en efectivo de un cliente cuyo giro declarado es la importación de accesorios. Hasta ahora, si ese cliente financiaba su operación con mercadería falsificada, la anomalía podía quedar registrada como un asunto aduanero o de propiedad industrial, ajeno al mundo del lavado. Si el proyecto se convierte en ley, el mismo flujo de dinero pasa a ser potencialmente producto de un delito precedente, y la operación que antes parecía apenas irregular adquiere una lectura distinta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3285,"children":3286},{},[3287],{"type":40,"value":3288},"Los sectores donde este cambio pesará más son reconocibles. Usuarios de zonas francas, comercio mayorista y minorista de productos de marca, importadores, empresas de transporte y almacenaje, y los rubros que la Ley Antinarcos incorporó en 2023, entre ellos automotoras, comerciantes de metales preciosos y de joyas. En todos ellos, el perfil transaccional de un cliente que se financia con falsificación deja de ser un dato comercial curioso para convertirse en materia reportable.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3290,"children":3291},{"type":171},[3292],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3293,"children":3294},{},[3295],{"type":40,"value":3296},"Un detalle del proyecto que conviene registrar. La norma aprobada sanciona con reclusión menor en su grado mínimo a medio, esto es de sesenta y un días a tres años, a quien falsifique una marca ya registrada para los mismos productos o servicios. La pena importa porque delimita la gravedad del hecho base sobre el cual se construiría la imputación de lavado.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3298,"children":3300},{"id":3299},"la-matriz-que-envejece-sin-que-nadie-la-toque",[3301],{"type":40,"value":3302},"La matriz que envejece sin que nadie la toque",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3304,"children":3305},{},[3306],{"type":40,"value":3307},"Hay algo que este episodio ilumina con particular nitidez y que trasciende la falsificación de marcas. Una matriz de riesgos de lavado de activos se construye sobre supuestos acerca de qué delitos generan dinero sucio en la economía donde uno opera. Cuando el legislador amplía ese conjunto, la matriz que no se revisa queda desactualizada de manera silenciosa, sin que nada se rompa ni nadie reciba una alerta. Simplemente empieza a mirar hacia donde el riesgo ya no está y a ignorar donde apareció.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3309,"children":3310},{},[3311],{"type":40,"value":3312},"Es el mismo fenómeno que ocurrió cuando la Ley Fintec sumó a los prestadores de servicios financieros digitales al perímetro, y cuando la Ley Antinarcos incorporó siete rubros nuevos de una sola vez. Cada ampliación deja atrás a quienes no la incorporan, y la distancia entre el programa de prevención escrito y el riesgo real crece sin hacer ruido.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3314,"children":3315},{},[3316],{"type":40,"value":3317},"El refrán castellano advierte que no todo lo que brilla es oro, y lo dice pensando en el engaño de las apariencias. En materia de prevención, la advertencia tiene una segunda lectura que vale la pena considerar. Tampoco es limpio todo dinero que se ve limpio, y la única manera de distinguir uno de otro es tener las señales de alerta al día con la ley que efectivamente rige, no con la que regía cuando se redactó el manual.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3319,"children":3320},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3322,"children":3323},{},[3324,3326,3331,3332,3337],{"type":40,"value":3325},"Neitcom automatiza la debida diligencia, el screening contra listas ONU y OFAC y la trazabilidad de cada revisión, para que su programa refleje el riesgo actual y no el de hace tres reformas. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3327,"children":3328},{"href":218},[3329],{"type":40,"value":3330},"Solicite una demostración",{"type":40,"value":2777},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3333,"children":3334},{"href":151},[3335],{"type":40,"value":3336},"las señales de alerta de lavado de activos",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3339},[3340,3341,3342],{"id":3254,"depth":225,"text":3257},{"id":3270,"depth":225,"text":3273},{"id":3299,"depth":225,"text":3302},"content:blog:falsificacion-marcas-delito-base-lavado.md","blog/falsificacion-marcas-delito-base-lavado.md","blog/falsificacion-marcas-delito-base-lavado",{"_path":3347,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3348,"description":3349,"category":438,"readTime":12,"date":3350,"dateModified":243,"author":14,"tags":3351,"image":3354,"body":3355,"_type":233,"_id":3519,"_source":235,"_file":3520,"_stem":3521,"_extension":238},"/blog/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027","Un año más para la Ley 21.719, si el Congreso aprueba la prórroga","El Ejecutivo ingresó un proyecto que traslada la vigencia a diciembre de 2027. Qué cambia, qué sigue igual y por qué conviene no soltar el trabajo hecho.","2026-09-10",[441,438,3352,3353,11],"Agencia de Protección de Datos","Boletín 18.623-07","/images/blog/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3356,"toc":3513},[3357,3378,3383,3388,3394,3399,3407,3412,3418,3423,3428,3433,3438,3443,3451,3457,3462,3467,3473,3478,3483,3488,3493,3496],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3358,"children":3359},{},[3360,3368],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3361,"children":3362},{},[3363],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3364,"children":3365},{},[3366],{"type":40,"value":3367},"\"Mientras se aplaza la vida, esta transcurre.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3369,"children":3370},{},[3371,3373],{"type":40,"value":3372},"Séneca, en las ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3374,"children":3375},{},[3376],{"type":40,"value":3377},"Cartas a Lucilio",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3379,"children":3380},{},[3381],{"type":40,"value":3382},"El 1 de septiembre de este año el Ejecutivo ingresó al Senado, con suma urgencia, un mensaje presidencial que propone trasladar la entrada en vigencia de la Ley N°21.719 desde el 1 de diciembre de 2026 hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2027. El proyecto, que en el Congreso lleva el número de boletín 18.623-07, no deroga la ley ni recorta sus obligaciones. Cambia el momento a partir del cual serán exigibles, y de paso corrige la institucionalidad que no alcanzó a instalarse.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3384,"children":3385},{},[3386],{"type":40,"value":3387},"Conviene decirlo de entrada, porque la confusión en este punto puede salir cara. El proyecto sigue en tramitación, de modo que mientras la reforma no se apruebe y se publique, la fecha vigente es el 1 de diciembre de 2026. Toda organización que decida detener su plan de adecuación apostando a la prórroga está asumiendo un riesgo legislativo, y no aprovechando un plazo que alguien le haya concedido.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3389,"children":3391},{"id":3390},"en-qué-va-la-tramitación",[3392],{"type":40,"value":3393},"En qué va la tramitación",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3395,"children":3396},{},[3397],{"type":40,"value":3398},"Al 26 de octubre de 2026 el proyecto está en primer trámite constitucional en el Senado, en la etapa del primer informe de la Comisión de Constitución, Legislación, Justicia y Reglamento. El 20 de octubre esa comisión aprobó por unanimidad la idea de legislar, es decir, aprobó el proyecto en general, y según informó el propio Senado acordó trabajar con los asesores en indicaciones que recojan algunas propuestas planteadas en la sesión, entre ellas la de una aplicación escalonada. Al día siguiente, el 21 de octubre, el Ejecutivo retiró la suma urgencia y la reemplazó por discusión inmediata.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3400,"children":3401},{},[3402],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":3403,"children":3406},{"alt":3404,"src":3405},"El trámite del Boletín 18.623-07, desde su ingreso al Senado el 1 de septiembre de 2026 hasta su publicación en el Diario Oficial, con el proyecto hoy en la Comisión de Constitución, aprobado en general el 20 de octubre y con discusión inmediata desde el 21, mientras la fecha vigente de la Ley N°21.719 sigue siendo el 1 de diciembre de 2026","/images/diagramas/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3408,"children":3409},{},[3410],{"type":40,"value":3411},"Los dos pasos aceleran el proyecto, y ninguno lo convierte en ley. Mientras no termine su tramitación y se publique, la Ley N°21.719 entra en vigencia el 1 de diciembre de 2026, dentro de cinco semanas.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3413,"children":3415},{"id":3414},"qué-contiene-el-proyecto",[3416],{"type":40,"value":3417},"Qué contiene el proyecto",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3419,"children":3420},{},[3421],{"type":40,"value":3422},"El mensaje consta de un artículo único y dos disposiciones transitorias, y modifica la ley en cuatro puntos que vale la pena revisar por separado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3424,"children":3425},{},[3426],{"type":40,"value":3427},"El primero y más comentado es el traslado de la fecha de vigencia al 1 de diciembre de 2027, que otorgaría doce meses adicionales a empresas, organismos públicos y demás responsables para ajustar contratos, bases de licitud, canales de ejercicio de derechos, medidas de seguridad y modelos de cumplimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3429,"children":3430},{},[3431],{"type":40,"value":3432},"Luego, el proyecto aumenta de tres a cinco el número de consejeros del Consejo Directivo de la Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales, mantiene los períodos de seis años sin reelección con renovación parcial cada dos años, y eleva de dos a tres el quórum interno. El fundamento que da el propio mensaje es que tres personas resultan insuficientes para la naturaleza y extensión de las competencias que la ley entrega a la Agencia.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3434,"children":3435},{},[3436],{"type":40,"value":3437},"Un tercer cambio adelanta la designación del primer Consejo, que deberá hacerse a más tardar doce meses antes de la entrada en vigencia y ya no seis, corrigiendo precisamente el calendario que quedó incumplido en junio pasado, cuando venció el plazo legal sin que el Senado ratificara la nómina propuesta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3439,"children":3440},{},[3441],{"type":40,"value":3442},"El cuarto es el que menos titulares se llevó y el que más conviene mirar. El proyecto amplía la facultad de la Agencia para aplicar amonestaciones por escrito a todos los responsables de datos, eliminando la limitación que reservaba esa medida a las empresas de menor tamaño.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3444,"children":3445},{"type":542},[3446],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3447,"children":3448},{},[3449],{"type":40,"value":3450},"La amonestación no es un perdón. Baja la presión sancionatoria inmediata, porque una empresa mediana o grande que hasta ahora arriesgaba multa desde el primer día podría recibir primero una advertencia formal. Pero esa advertencia queda registrada, y ese registro es consultable por quien evalúe contratar con usted. En un mercado donde los clientes corporativos ya piden acreditar cumplimiento antes de firmar, una amonestación pesa distinto que una multa pagada y olvidada.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3452,"children":3454},{"id":3453},"por-qué-llegamos-hasta-acá",[3455],{"type":40,"value":3456},"Por qué llegamos hasta acá",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3458,"children":3459},{},[3460],{"type":40,"value":3461},"La prórroga no nació de una reflexión sobre la dificultad de las empresas sino de un atasco institucional. En mayo el Senado rechazó la primera nómina de consejeros propuesta por el Ejecutivo, al no alcanzarse el quórum de dos tercios exigido, y en junio venció el plazo legal para la designación. La Comisión Asesora Ministerial creada para apoyar la implementación había recomendado en enero constituir la Agencia y designar su Consejo a más tardar en junio, precisamente para tener tiempo de dictar reglamentos, definir procedimientos y habilitar canales de atención antes de comenzar a operar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3463,"children":3464},{},[3465],{"type":40,"value":3466},"Ese plazo se perdió, y con él la posibilidad realista de que el organismo estuviera funcionando el primer día de vigencia. Pareciera, entonces, que el Estado llegó tarde con su parte y que la solución que eligió fue darse un año más a sí mismo, extendiéndolo de paso a todos los obligados. Leerlo como una señal de que la ley se va a suavizar sería, a nuestro juicio, un error de interpretación importante, porque el proyecto refuerza la Agencia en lugar de debilitarla.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3468,"children":3470},{"id":3469},"lo-que-no-cambia",[3471],{"type":40,"value":3472},"Lo que no cambia",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3474,"children":3475},{},[3476],{"type":40,"value":3477},"Aquí está la parte que merece más atención de la que ha recibido. Las obligaciones sustantivas de la ley permanecen íntegras, y el trabajo de adecuación que una organización haya hecho hasta hoy no pierde ni un gramo de valor. El inventario de datos sigue siendo necesario. Las bases de licitud siguen teniendo que existir para cada tratamiento. Los contratos con encargados siguen requiriendo cláusulas que hoy no tienen. El procedimiento de respuesta a titulares y el de notificación de brechas siguen sin poder improvisarse.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3479,"children":3480},{},[3481],{"type":40,"value":3482},"Una prórroga se parece a una marea que se retrasa. El barco que ya estaba cargado zarpa más tarde, pero zarpa con todo lo que embarcó, y el que no había subido nada a bordo sigue igual de vacío cuando por fin sube el agua. Lo único que la espera no hace es cargar el barco.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3484,"children":3485},{},[3486],{"type":40,"value":3487},"Hay además dos presiones que la prórroga no toca en absoluto. La primera es contractual, porque banca, telecomunicaciones y seguros ya están exigiendo a sus proveedores acreditar cumplimiento en materia de datos, con o sin agencia operativa y con o sin fecha de vigencia. La segunda es reputacional, y opera desde el momento en que un titular reclama públicamente por el uso de su información, sin esperar a que exista una autoridad que reciba la denuncia.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3489,"children":3490},{},[3491],{"type":40,"value":3492},"Séneca advertía que la vida transcurre mientras se la aplaza, y aunque escribía sobre asuntos bastante más elevados que un plan de adecuación normativa, la mecánica es la misma. Doce meses adicionales, si el Congreso los concede, son un regalo para quien los use y una trampa para quien los interprete como permiso para volver a no hacer nada. Cuando suba la marea, la única diferencia entre ambos barcos será lo que cada uno cargó durante el año que creyó tener de sobra.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3494,"children":3495},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3497,"children":3498},{},[3499,3501,3506,3508,3512],{"type":40,"value":3500},"En Neitcom llevamos más de veinte años convirtiendo obligaciones normativas en procesos verificables. Si quiere aprovechar este plazo en lugar de esperarlo, ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3502,"children":3503},{"href":218},[3504],{"type":40,"value":3505},"conversemos",{"type":40,"value":3507},", o revise nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3509,"children":3510},{"href":556},[3511],{"type":40,"value":559},{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3514},[3515,3516,3517,3518],{"id":3390,"depth":225,"text":3393},{"id":3414,"depth":225,"text":3417},{"id":3453,"depth":225,"text":3456},{"id":3469,"depth":225,"text":3472},"content:blog:postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027.md","blog/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027.md","blog/postergacion-ley-21719-diciembre-2027",{"_path":3523,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3524,"description":3525,"category":1888,"readTime":2796,"date":3526,"author":14,"tags":3527,"image":3528,"body":3529,"_type":233,"_id":3646,"_source":235,"_file":3647,"_stem":3648,"_extension":238},"/blog/clave-unica-portal-uaf-responsabilidad","Clave Única en el Portal de la UAF: el fin de la contraseña compartida","Desde el 17 de agosto el Portal de Entidades Reportantes exige Clave Única. Parece un trámite menor y redefine quién responde por cada reporte enviado.","2026-08-28",[1888,3086,249,248,19,11],"/images/blog/clave-unica-portal-uaf-responsabilidad.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3530,"toc":3641},[3531,3547,3552,3557,3563,3568,3573,3578,3584,3589,3594,3602,3608,3613,3618,3623,3626],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3532,"children":3533},{},[3534,3542],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3535,"children":3536},{},[3537],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3538,"children":3539},{},[3540],{"type":40,"value":3541},"\"Nadie puede dar lo que no tiene, ni delegar lo que no le pertenece.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3543,"children":3544},{},[3545],{"type":40,"value":3546},"Máxima del derecho romano (nemo dat quod non habet)",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3548,"children":3549},{},[3550],{"type":40,"value":3551},"Los cambios que de verdad importan rara vez se anuncian como tales. Suelen llegar disfrazados de trámite, con la apariencia modesta de un aviso técnico en el sitio web de un organismo, y solo con el tiempo se descubre que reordenaron algo importante. Algo así ocurrió el lunes 17 de agosto, cuando quienes utilizan el Portal de Entidades Reportantes de la Unidad de Análisis Financiero comenzaron a registrarse con Clave Única en lugar de la clave que la UAF entregaba a cada oficial de cumplimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3553,"children":3554},{},[3555],{"type":40,"value":3556},"Visto desde fuera es un ajuste de infraestructura digital, uno más en el largo proceso de estandarización del Estado chileno. Visto desde dentro de un área de cumplimiento es otra cosa, y merece una pregunta que casi nadie se está haciendo. ¿Qué cambia cuando la llave del portal deja de ser una credencial institucional y pasa a ser la identidad personal de quien la usa?",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3558,"children":3560},{"id":3559},"la-costumbre-que-se-termina",[3561],{"type":40,"value":3562},"La costumbre que se termina",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3564,"children":3565},{},[3566],{"type":40,"value":3567},"Conviene decir en voz alta algo que todos en el rubro conocen y pocos documentan. La clave de acceso al Portal, esa que la UAF enviaba al correo del oficial de cumplimiento y que tenía un año de vigencia, terminaba con frecuencia guardada en un archivo compartido, anotada en el reverso de una carpeta o simplemente conocida por el analista que en la práctica preparaba los reportes. No siempre por negligencia, sino por esa deriva silenciosa de las organizaciones donde el titular formal de una responsabilidad delega la ejecución y la credencial viaja detrás de la tarea.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3569,"children":3570},{},[3571],{"type":40,"value":3572},"La Clave Única cierra esa puerta, y la cierra por su propia naturaleza. Es la identidad digital de una persona natural frente al Estado completo, la misma con que se declaran impuestos, se firman trámites y se accede a información previsional. Compartirla no es una infracción a un protocolo interno sino algo bastante más serio, porque entrega a un tercero la capacidad de actuar como uno mismo ante toda la administración pública. La clave del Portal se prestaba con relativa liviandad. La Clave Única no se presta, y quien la presta entiende perfectamente lo que está haciendo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3574,"children":3575},{},[3576],{"type":40,"value":3577},"El efecto sobre el sistema es directo. Cada reporte de operación sospechosa, cada reporte de operaciones en efectivo, cada certificado de inscripción solicitado quedará asociado sin ambigüedad a la persona natural que lo envió. La firma vuelve a tener dueño.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3579,"children":3581},{"id":3580},"una-obligación-que-siempre-fue-personal",[3582],{"type":40,"value":3583},"Una obligación que siempre fue personal",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3585,"children":3586},{},[3587],{"type":40,"value":3588},"Aquí conviene recordar algo que la Ley N°19.913 estableció desde el principio y que la práctica a veces diluye. La designación de un oficial de cumplimiento no es el nombramiento de un área sino de una persona, encargada de relacionarse con la UAF y de implementar las políticas y procedimientos de prevención y detección. El Registro de Entidades Reportantes, que al cierre de 2025 reunía a 9.911 personas naturales y jurídicas inscritas, se construye sobre esa designación individual.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3590,"children":3591},{},[3592],{"type":40,"value":3593},"Lo que hace la Clave Única es alinear la infraestructura técnica con esa realidad jurídica que ya existía. Durante años hubo una brecha entre lo que la ley suponía, un responsable identificable detrás de cada reporte, y lo que el sistema permitía, una credencial que podía circular. Esa brecha se cerró, y su cierre tiene consecuencias que exceden lo informático.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3595,"children":3596},{"type":171},[3597],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3598,"children":3599},{},[3600],{"type":40,"value":3601},"Vale la pena aprovechar el cambio para revisar dos cosas en su organización. Primero, si la persona inscrita como oficial de cumplimiento ante la UAF sigue siendo la correcta y está vigente, porque la rotación interna a veces avanza más rápido que las actualizaciones del Registro. Segundo, si el flujo interno de preparación y envío de reportes contempla que solo el titular pueda ejecutar el envío final.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3603,"children":3605},{"id":3604},"lo-que-este-trámite-enseña",[3606],{"type":40,"value":3607},"Lo que este trámite enseña",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3609,"children":3610},{},[3611],{"type":40,"value":3612},"Hay una lección que trasciende el cambio de credencial y que es, a nuestro juicio, la parte más valiosa del episodio. La responsabilidad, en materia de cumplimiento, tiende a diluirse cuando los sistemas lo permiten y a concentrarse cuando los sistemas la obligan a concentrarse. Ninguna política interna, por bien redactada que esté, sostiene por sí sola una cadena de responsabilidad que la infraestructura contradice todos los días.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3614,"children":3615},{},[3616],{"type":40,"value":3617},"Por eso los buenos programas de prevención se preocupan tanto de la trazabilidad como de las reglas. Saber quién consultó a un cliente, quién revisó una alerta, quién decidió reportar y quién decidió no hacerlo es lo que convierte un procedimiento escrito en un procedimiento que ocurre. Y es también lo que permite defenderse cuando alguien pregunta, meses después, por qué se tomó una decisión determinada.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3619,"children":3620},{},[3621],{"type":40,"value":3622},"Los juristas romanos sostenían que nadie puede delegar aquello que no le pertenece, y aunque lo dijeron pensando en la propiedad, la fórmula describe con exactitud lo que ocurría con la clave prestada. La responsabilidad del oficial de cumplimiento nunca fue transferible, aunque la contraseña sí lo era. La UAF acaba de hacer que la infraestructura diga lo mismo que la ley venía diciendo desde 2003. Bien mirado, es menos una carga que un reconocimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3624,"children":3625},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3627,"children":3628},{},[3629,3631,3635,3636,3640],{"type":40,"value":3630},"Neitcom registra cada consulta PEP, cada screening y cada revisión de su equipo, con la trazabilidad que la UAF espera encontrar cuando pregunta quién hizo qué. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3632,"children":3633},{"href":218},[3634],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":3201},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3637,"children":3638},{"href":3204},[3639],{"type":40,"value":3207},{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3642},[3643,3644,3645],{"id":3559,"depth":225,"text":3562},{"id":3580,"depth":225,"text":3583},{"id":3604,"depth":225,"text":3607},"content:blog:clave-unica-portal-uaf-responsabilidad.md","blog/clave-unica-portal-uaf-responsabilidad.md","blog/clave-unica-portal-uaf-responsabilidad",{"_path":3650,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3651,"description":3652,"category":1888,"readTime":12,"date":3653,"author":14,"tags":3654,"image":3658,"body":3659,"_type":233,"_id":3783,"_source":235,"_file":3784,"_stem":3785,"_extension":238},"/blog/quinta-ronda-gafi-efectividad","La Quinta Ronda del GAFI no pregunta si hay manual, sino si funciona","GAFILAT actualizó los procedimientos de la Quinta Ronda con foco en efectividad. Qué significa para Chile y por qué la evidencia sale de sus propios reportes.","2026-08-27",[2799,3655,3656,249,3657,11],"GAFILAT","Evaluación Mutua","Beneficiario Final","/images/blog/quinta-ronda-gafi-efectividad.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3660,"toc":3778},[3661,3677,3682,3687,3693,3698,3703,3708,3714,3719,3724,3729,3737,3743,3748,3753,3758,3761],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3662,"children":3663},{},[3664,3672],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3665,"children":3666},{},[3667],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3668,"children":3669},{},[3670],{"type":40,"value":3671},"\"Por sus frutos los conoceréis.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3673,"children":3674},{},[3675],{"type":40,"value":3676},"Evangelio según San Mateo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3678,"children":3679},{},[3680],{"type":40,"value":3681},"Existe una diferencia antigua entre saber y saber hacer, entre la receta escrita con caligrafía impecable y el pan que efectivamente sale del horno. Los gremios medievales la conocían bien y por eso jamás admitieron a un maestro por lo que declaraba haber aprendido, sino por la obra que ponía sobre la mesa el día del examen. Esa misma distinción, después de siglos de recorrido, acaba de instalarse en el corazón del sistema internacional antilavado, y a Chile le corresponderá rendir su examen bajo las nuevas reglas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3683,"children":3684},{},[3685],{"type":40,"value":3686},"El GAFILAT actualizó en julio de este año los procedimientos de la Quinta Ronda de Evaluaciones Mutuas para aplicar criterios más modernos y centrados en resultados, elevando de manera significativa el peso de la efectividad en las evaluaciones. Para el sujeto obligado chileno esto no es una noticia diplomática lejana, porque la vara con que se medirá al país deja de ser el papel y pasa a ser el resultado, y los resultados de un sistema nacional se fabrican con el trabajo de quienes lo componen.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3688,"children":3690},{"id":3689},"qué-cambió-en-el-examen",[3691],{"type":40,"value":3692},"Qué cambió en el examen",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3694,"children":3695},{},[3696],{"type":40,"value":3697},"La Cuarta Ronda, aquella cuyo informe se aprobó en 2021 y cuyas recomendaciones Chile todavía trabaja, ya incorporaba la efectividad como dimensión. Lo que hace la Quinta es llevarla al centro del escenario y reorganizar todo alrededor suyo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3699,"children":3700},{},[3701],{"type":40,"value":3702},"El ciclo de evaluación se acorta a seis años, considerablemente más breve que las rondas anteriores, que promediaban una década, de modo que los países serán examinados con más frecuencia y las brechas tendrán menos tiempo para acomodarse. La metodología enfatiza además los riesgos principales y el contexto particular de cada jurisdicción, concentrando el escrutinio en las áreas donde el peligro es mayor en lugar de repartirlo por igual sobre las cuarenta recomendaciones. Y aparece una separación que conviene subrayar, porque reordena el mapa de quién responde por qué, ya que el resultado inmediato tercero abarcará la supervisión y el cumplimiento de las entidades financieras y de los proveedores de servicios de activos virtuales, mientras que el cuarto se concentrará en las actividades y profesiones no financieras designadas, diferenciando así el sector real del financiero.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3704,"children":3705},{},[3706],{"type":40,"value":3707},"Entre las áreas prioritarias de la nueva ronda figuran la evaluación de riesgos, la transparencia y el beneficiario final, la supervisión basada en riesgo, la inteligencia financiera, la recuperación de activos y la cooperación internacional. Quien haya seguido las recomendaciones que el GAFILAT le dejó a Chile en 2021 reconocerá varias viejas conocidas en esa lista.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3709,"children":3711},{"id":3710},"por-qué-esto-lo-toca-a-usted",[3712],{"type":40,"value":3713},"Por qué esto lo toca a usted",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3715,"children":3716},{},[3717],{"type":40,"value":3718},"Podría pensarse que una evaluación mutua es un asunto de Estado, una conversación entre el país y un organismo internacional donde el sujeto obligado privado es espectador. Es una lectura comprensible y es equivocada, por una razón que vale la pena examinar con calma.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3720,"children":3721},{},[3722],{"type":40,"value":3723},"Cuando los evaluadores llegan a preguntar si el sistema nacional funciona, no revisan el sistema en abstracto. Piden estadísticas, expedientes, sanciones, investigaciones y decomisos, es decir evidencias verificables y no solamente normas aprobadas. Y esas estadísticas se construyen con materia prima que sale de las empresas. Los reportes de operaciones sospechosas que la UAF convierte en inteligencia financiera los redactan oficiales de cumplimiento en bancos, corredoras, automotoras y notarías. La calidad de la supervisión basada en riesgo se mide contra programas de prevención reales, con sus matrices y sus alertas. La transparencia del beneficiario final se demuestra con información que alguien tuvo que recolectar, verificar y mantener actualizada, cliente por cliente.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3725,"children":3726},{},[3727],{"type":40,"value":3728},"Dicho de otro modo, el examen del país se rinde con el trabajo cotidiano de miles de organizaciones. Un ROS presentado por cumplir la cuota, sin análisis detrás, engorda la estadística y empobrece la inteligencia, y en una ronda que mide resultados esa diferencia se nota. Cinco reportes bien fundados valen más que cincuenta reportes defensivos, aunque en la planilla anual los cincuenta se vean mejor.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3730,"children":3731},{"type":171},[3732],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3733,"children":3734},{},[3735],{"type":40,"value":3736},"Un cambio de énfasis que conviene anotar. La nueva metodología pone atención especial en los activos virtuales, la transparencia corporativa, las organizaciones sin fines de lucro y la recuperación de activos. Si su organización opera en alguno de esos frentes, es probable que su programa reciba más escrutinio que en rondas anteriores.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3738,"children":3740},{"id":3739},"prepararse-desde-el-trabajo-diario",[3741],{"type":40,"value":3742},"Prepararse desde el trabajo diario",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3744,"children":3745},{},[3746],{"type":40,"value":3747},"Hay una frase que circula entre quienes acompañan estos procesos y que resume bien el asunto, según la cual la evaluación no empieza cuando llega el cuestionario sino con la capacidad operativa de todos los días. Es una verdad incómoda porque desplaza el esfuerzo desde el momento del examen hacia los años que lo preceden, que es justamente donde nadie mira.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3749,"children":3750},{},[3751],{"type":40,"value":3752},"Para una empresa chilena, prepararse significa revisar si su matriz de riesgos refleja su operación real o si es un documento heredado que se actualiza cambiándole la fecha. Significa preguntarse si las alertas que genera su sistema alguien las gestiona y documenta, o si se acumulan esperando que el volumen las vuelva invisibles. Significa comprobar si la información de beneficiario final de su cartera está viva o si envejeció en una carpeta desde el día en que el cliente firmó. Y significa entender que la trazabilidad, esa capacidad aburrida de mostrar quién consultó qué, cuándo y con qué resultado, es exactamente el tipo de evidencia que separa un sistema que funciona de uno que se declara funcionando.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3754,"children":3755},{},[3756],{"type":40,"value":3757},"Los maestros artesanos no admitían a nadie por su discurso, y el evangelista, siglos antes, había fijado el criterio con una economía que nadie ha superado. Por sus frutos los conoceréis. Chile pasará su próximo examen no por los manuales que exhiba sino por lo que sus instituciones y sus empresas puedan demostrar que hicieron, y esa demostración se está construyendo hoy, en cada expediente de debida diligencia que alguien completa bien o completa a medias.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3759,"children":3760},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3762,"children":3763},{},[3764,3766,3770,3771,3777],{"type":40,"value":3765},"Neitcom automatiza la debida diligencia, el screening contra listas ONU y OFAC y la trazabilidad de cada consulta, que es la evidencia que un supervisor busca. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3767,"children":3768},{"href":218},[3769],{"type":40,"value":3330},{"type":40,"value":2777},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3772,"children":3774},{"href":3773},"/blog/registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi/",[3775],{"type":40,"value":3776},"el Registro de Beneficiarios Finales",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3779},[3780,3781,3782],{"id":3689,"depth":225,"text":3692},{"id":3710,"depth":225,"text":3713},{"id":3739,"depth":225,"text":3742},"content:blog:quinta-ronda-gafi-efectividad.md","blog/quinta-ronda-gafi-efectividad.md","blog/quinta-ronda-gafi-efectividad",{"_path":3787,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3788,"description":3789,"category":438,"readTime":2796,"date":3790,"author":14,"tags":3791,"image":3793,"body":3794,"_type":233,"_id":3926,"_source":235,"_file":3927,"_stem":3928,"_extension":238},"/blog/agencia-datos-sin-consejo-directivo","La ley llega en diciembre aunque su Agencia no tenga consejeros","El Consejo Directivo de la Agencia sigue sin nombrarse mientras corre el plazo de la Ley 21.719. Por qué eso no suspende ninguna obligación de su empresa.","2026-08-26",[441,3792,3352,438,11],"Ley 21.806","/images/blog/agencia-datos-sin-consejo-directivo.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3795,"toc":3921},[3796,3812,3826,3831,3836,3842,3847,3852,3857,3863,3868,3873,3878,3886,3892,3897,3902,3905],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3797,"children":3798},{},[3799,3807],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3800,"children":3801},{},[3802],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3803,"children":3804},{},[3805],{"type":40,"value":3806},"\"La ley no duerme cuando el juez descansa.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3808,"children":3809},{},[3810],{"type":40,"value":3811},"Aforismo jurídico clásico",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3813,"children":3814},{"type":542},[3815],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3816,"children":3817},{},[3818,3820,3825],{"type":40,"value":3819},"Actualización del 10 de septiembre de 2026. El 31 de agosto el Ejecutivo ingresó al Senado un proyecto de ley que propone postergar la entrada en vigencia de la Ley 21.719 hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2027 y aumentar de tres a cinco los consejeros de la Agencia. El proyecto está en tramitación, de modo que la fecha vigente sigue siendo el 1 de diciembre de 2026 mientras no se apruebe. El análisis de este artículo se mantiene, con la salvedad del plazo. Los detalles, en ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3821,"children":3822},{"href":2502},[3823],{"type":40,"value":3824},"Un año más para la Ley 21.719",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3827,"children":3828},{},[3829],{"type":40,"value":3830},"Faltan noventa y siete días para que la Ley N°21.719 entre en plena vigencia y ocurre algo que a muchos les parece una contradicción difícil de digerir. La Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales, ese organismo que la ley crea para fiscalizar y sancionar a quienes traten mal la información de las personas, todavía no tiene Consejo Directivo. La Ley N°21.806 modificó las disposiciones transitorias precisamente para asegurar su instalación seis meses antes de la entrada en vigencia, estableciendo incluso un mecanismo por el cual, si el Senado no se pronuncia sobre la nómina propuesta por el Presidente, esta se entiende aceptada sin más trámite. Sin embargo, el nombramiento no ha ocurrido, dos listas de candidatos resultaron fallidas y a la fecha no hay novedades sobre una nueva terna.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3832,"children":3833},{},[3834],{"type":40,"value":3835},"La pregunta que muchas gerencias se están haciendo por estos días, algunas en voz alta y otras en el silencio cómodo de la esperanza, es si esto significa que hay más tiempo. Vale la pena responderla con claridad, porque la respuesta define lo que una organización haga o deje de hacer en los próximos tres meses.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3837,"children":3839},{"id":3838},"una-cosa-es-la-obligación-y-otra-el-fiscalizador",[3840],{"type":40,"value":3841},"Una cosa es la obligación y otra el fiscalizador",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3843,"children":3844},{},[3845],{"type":40,"value":3846},"Conviene separar dos planos que la conversación pública suele confundir. La obligación jurídica nace de la ley y comienza a regir el día que la ley dispone, sin depender de que exista alguien mirando. El fiscalizador es el mecanismo institucional para verificar y sancionar el incumplimiento, y su ausencia no deroga nada, del mismo modo que una calle sin carabineros no autoriza a pasarse el semáforo en rojo ni borra la infracción cometida.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3848,"children":3849},{},[3850],{"type":40,"value":3851},"Desde el primero de diciembre de este año toda actividad de tratamiento de datos personales en Chile, del sector público y del privado, quedará sujeta a la nueva normativa, salvo las excepciones que la propia norma contempla. Eso incluye la exigencia de contar con una base de licitud para cada tratamiento, de mantener el registro de actividades, de responder a los titulares que ejerzan sus derechos y de notificar las brechas de seguridad. Nada de eso está condicionado a la instalación del Consejo Directivo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3853,"children":3854},{},[3855],{"type":40,"value":3856},"Hay además una consideración práctica que las organizaciones prudentes ya están haciendo. Una Agencia que se instala tarde no llega con menos energía sino con más, porque debe justificar su existencia ante un país que la esperó. Y llegará a un panorama donde las empresas se dividirán en dos grupos fácilmente distinguibles, las que usaron estos meses para ordenarse y las que los usaron para esperar noticias del Senado.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3858,"children":3860},{"id":3859},"quiénes-tienen-más-que-perder-con-la-espera",[3861],{"type":40,"value":3862},"Quiénes tienen más que perder con la espera",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3864,"children":3865},{},[3866],{"type":40,"value":3867},"La demora ha generado preocupación en la industria nacional y también en empresas internacionales que evalúan ingresar al mercado chileno y siguen de cerca la regulación en curso. Pero hay dos grupos donde la incertidumbre pesa más que en el resto.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3869,"children":3870},{},[3871],{"type":40,"value":3872},"El primero son las industrias que no cuentan con un regulador sectorial propio y que, en consecuencia, no tienen lineamientos claros sobre cómo abordar los desafíos de la norma. Un banco puede mirar a la CMF y una isapre a su superintendencia, pero una empresa de servicios, una constructora o una cadena de retail sin supervisor especializado se queda sin ese intérprete intermedio que traduce la ley general a instrucciones concretas. Para ellas, la ausencia de la Agencia significa navegar sin carta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3874,"children":3875},{},[3876],{"type":40,"value":3877},"El segundo grupo son las pequeñas y medianas empresas, que enfrentan esta normativa en un entorno donde ya hay mucha regulación que las afecta, y donde esta en particular implica ajustes en procesos internos que no siempre tienen a quién delegar. Para ellas la ley contempla una ventana inicial de amonestaciones en lugar de multas, pero esa ventana premia a quien está avanzando y no a quien recién empieza a mirar el problema el día que llega la carta.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3879,"children":3880},{"type":542},[3881],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3882,"children":3883},{},[3884],{"type":40,"value":3885},"Un matiz que conviene tener presente. La ausencia de Consejo Directivo no impide que un titular reclame por sus datos ni que la ausencia de cumplimiento genere efectos en otros planos, desde exigencias contractuales de clientes corporativos hasta condiciones de contratación con el Estado o con contrapartes extranjeras que auditan a sus proveedores.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3887,"children":3889},{"id":3888},"lo-que-sí-depende-de-usted",[3890],{"type":40,"value":3891},"Lo que sí depende de usted",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3893,"children":3894},{},[3895],{"type":40,"value":3896},"Si algo enseña este episodio es que el cumplimiento maduro no se organiza en función de cuándo aparecerá el fiscalizador sino de cuándo comienza la obligación, que son dos fechas distintas y solo una de ellas está fijada con certeza. Las organizaciones que quieran llegar tranquilas a diciembre tienen por delante un trabajo que no requiere consejeros designados para comenzar. Levantar el inventario de datos que la empresa trata, asignarle a cada uno su base de licitud, revisar los contratos con proveedores que acceden a esa información, definir cómo se responderá a un titular que ejerza sus derechos y ensayar el procedimiento para el día en que ocurra una brecha. Ninguna de esas tareas espera una resolución del Senado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3898,"children":3899},{},[3900],{"type":40,"value":3901},"El aforismo con que abrimos estas líneas dice que la ley no duerme cuando el juez descansa, y expresa una intuición antigua sobre la naturaleza de las normas. Existen porque protegen algo, no porque alguien las vigile, y esa es exactamente la diferencia entre una organización que cumple y una que solamente evita ser sorprendida. En noventa y siete días sabremos quién entendió la diferencia.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":3903,"children":3904},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3906,"children":3907},{},[3908,3910,3914,3916,3920],{"type":40,"value":3909},"En Neitcom construimos tecnología para que el cumplimiento sea trazable y demostrable, que es lo que cualquier fiscalizador viene a buscar el día que llega. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3911,"children":3912},{"href":218},[3913],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":3915}," sobre cómo su gestión de datos y su debida diligencia pueden caminar juntas hacia diciembre, o revise nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":3917,"children":3918},{"href":556},[3919],{"type":40,"value":559},{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":3922},[3923,3924,3925],{"id":3838,"depth":225,"text":3841},{"id":3859,"depth":225,"text":3862},{"id":3888,"depth":225,"text":3891},"content:blog:agencia-datos-sin-consejo-directivo.md","blog/agencia-datos-sin-consejo-directivo.md","blog/agencia-datos-sin-consejo-directivo",{"_path":3930,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":3931,"description":3932,"category":11,"readTime":12,"date":3933,"dateModified":2068,"author":14,"tags":3934,"image":3935,"body":3936,"_type":233,"_id":4067,"_source":235,"_file":4068,"_stem":4069,"_extension":238},"/blog/registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi","El Registro de Beneficiarios Finales, la deuda de Chile con el GAFI","El proyecto que crea el Registro Nacional de Beneficiarios Finales avanza en el Congreso. Qué propone, a quién obliga y cómo preparar su debida diligencia.","2026-08-12",[3657,3655,2937,16,249,11],"/images/blog/registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi-v2.jpg",{"type":24,"children":3937,"toc":4061},[3938,3954,3959,3965,3970,3975,3981,3986,3991,3996,4004,4010,4015,4020,4025,4031,4036,4041,4044],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":3939,"children":3940},{},[3941,3949],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3942,"children":3943},{},[3944],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":3945,"children":3946},{},[3947],{"type":40,"value":3948},"\"Cuando bebas agua, recuerda la fuente.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3950,"children":3951},{},[3952],{"type":40,"value":3953},"Proverbio chino",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3955,"children":3956},{},[3957],{"type":40,"value":3958},"Hay una pregunta que atraviesa toda la historia del derecho societario, desde las compañías de Indias que financiaron los viajes de ultramar hasta las sociedades por acciones que hoy se constituyen en un día por internet, y es la pregunta por quién está realmente al otro lado de la mesa. No la sociedad, esa ficción admirable y útil que firma contratos, abre cuentas y comparece en tribunales, sino la persona natural que al final de la cadena posee, controla o se beneficia, aquella que la doctrina moderna llama el beneficiario final. Toda la arquitectura contemporánea de prevención del lavado de activos descansa sobre la capacidad de responder esa pregunta, y Chile, hay que decirlo con todas sus letras, todavía la responde a medias.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3960,"children":3962},{"id":3961},"la-deuda-que-dejó-la-evaluación",[3963],{"type":40,"value":3964},"La deuda que dejó la evaluación",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3966,"children":3967},{},[3968],{"type":40,"value":3969},"Cuando el GAFILAT evaluó a Chile en su Cuarta Ronda de Evaluaciones Mutuas, cuyo informe fue aprobado en 2021, el país salió razonablemente bien parado y con una lista de tareas para la casa. Entre las recomendaciones más estructurales figura una en particular, la de crear un Registro de Beneficiarios Finales que cumpla con los estándares internacionales y que permita a las autoridades competentes acceder a información actualizada, precisa y oportuna sobre quién controla realmente a las personas y estructuras jurídicas que operan en el país.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3971,"children":3972},{},[3973],{"type":40,"value":3974},"No se trata de un capricho de evaluadores extranjeros. Cerca de cuarenta jurisdicciones en el mundo ya operan registros de este tipo, y la razón de su proliferación es de una aritmética sencilla. Sin un registro centralizado, cada sujeto obligado debe reconstruir la cadena de propiedad por su propia cuenta, cliente por cliente, declaración jurada por declaración jurada, de manera que el sistema completo repite el mismo trabajo miles de veces con resultados desiguales. Y quien desea esconderse, como saben los ilusionistas, se esconde a plena vista entre gestos repetidos, allí donde la costumbre adormece la mirada del que revisa.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":3976,"children":3978},{"id":3977},"lo-que-propone-el-proyecto",[3979],{"type":40,"value":3980},"Lo que propone el proyecto",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3982,"children":3983},{},[3984],{"type":40,"value":3985},"El proyecto de ley que crea el Registro Nacional de Personas Beneficiarias Finales, contenido en el Boletín N°16.475-05, fue ingresado al Senado en diciembre de 2023 y continúa su tramitación legislativa. Sus definiciones centrales merecen leerse con atención porque anticipan el estándar que regirá cuando se convierta en ley.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3987,"children":3988},{},[3989],{"type":40,"value":3990},"El proyecto entiende por beneficiario final a la persona natural, chilena o extranjera, con o sin domicilio en Chile, que posea directa o indirectamente una participación igual o mayor al diez por ciento del capital, del aporte, del derecho a utilidades, del voto o del veto de una entidad, así como a quien pueda elegir o remover a la mayoría de sus directores o administradores, o a quien ejerza sobre ella el control efectivo, esa categoría flexible que el derecho reserva para las realidades que los porcentajes no capturan. El umbral alcanza también a los trusts, fideicomisos y fundaciones de interés privado, cuyos constituyentes, administradores y beneficiarios con derecho al diez por ciento o más de los beneficios deberán ser declarados, cerrando así la puerta favorita de quienes usan estructuras fiduciarias como biombos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":3992,"children":3993},{},[3994],{"type":40,"value":3995},"El Registro será elaborado y administrado por el Servicio de Impuestos Internos, con finalidades que van desde la transparencia y la protección de la libre competencia hasta la prevención del lavado de activos y del financiamiento del terrorismo. Y el proyecto tipifica como delito tanto la entrega maliciosa de información como la destrucción u ocultación de antecedentes que impidan conocer al beneficiario final, ilícitos que además se consideran delitos económicos de segunda categoría bajo la Ley 21.595, con todo lo que ello implica para la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas y sus modelos de prevención.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":3997,"children":3998},{"type":171},[3999],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4000,"children":4001},{},[4002],{"type":40,"value":4003},"Un detalle que cambia el incentivo. El régimen sancionatorio propuesto contempla multas por cada sujeto no informado adecuadamente y sanciones adicionales por atraso, además de consecuencias severas para los proveedores del Estado que reincidan, incluida la suspensión para contratar con organismos públicos.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4005,"children":4007},{"id":4006},"la-pregunta-de-siempre-y-el-estándar-de-ahora",[4008],{"type":40,"value":4009},"La pregunta de siempre y el estándar de ahora",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4011,"children":4012},{},[4013],{"type":40,"value":4014},"Volvamos a la pregunta inicial, la de quién está al otro lado de la mesa, porque tiene una segunda lectura que nos interesa especialmente y que suele pasar inadvertida en la discusión pública.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4016,"children":4017},{},[4018],{"type":40,"value":4019},"Para el oficial de cumplimiento chileno el beneficiario final no es una obligación futura sino presente, pues la Circular N°62 de la UAF ya exige identificarlo como parte de la debida diligencia de clientes. Lo que el Registro Nacional agregará no es entonces la obligación, que existe, sino la verificabilidad, es decir una fuente estatal contra la cual contrastar aquello que el cliente declara. Y en esa palabra, verificabilidad, se juega el cambio de época.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4021,"children":4022},{},[4023],{"type":40,"value":4024},"Cuando el Registro exista, la declaración jurada del cliente dejará de ser el final del proceso para convertirse en su comienzo. La debida diligencia madura será aquella que cruce la declaración contra el Registro, contra las listas internacionales de sanciones, contra la calidad de persona expuesta políticamente de cada persona natural identificada en la cadena. El sujeto obligado que hoy archiva declaraciones sin contrastarlas con fuente alguna no está cumpliendo, está coleccionando papeles, y la diferencia entre ambas cosas quedará en evidencia el día en que la información sea verificable por cualquiera.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4026,"children":4028},{"id":4027},"prepararse-antes-de-que-sea-ley",[4029],{"type":40,"value":4030},"Prepararse antes de que sea ley",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4032,"children":4033},{},[4034],{"type":40,"value":4035},"Cabe preguntarse qué puede hacer una organización hoy, con el proyecto todavía en el Congreso, y la respuesta es que puede hacer bastante sin esperar al legislador. Puede comenzar por mapear las estructuras societarias de sus clientes actuales hasta llegar a la persona natural, tomando el umbral del diez por ciento como referencia, de modo que cuando la ley se apruebe la cartera ya esté dimensionada y el esfuerzo de adecuación sea marginal. Puede además formalizar la actualización periódica de esos registros, porque la información de beneficiario final envejece con cada cambio societario y un dato de hace tres años no es debida diligencia sino arqueología. Y puede finalmente automatizar el cruce, porque identificar al beneficiario final solo tiene valor si esa persona natural se contrasta de manera sistemática contra las listas de sanciones, la calidad PEP y las fuentes de riesgo, tarea que hecha a mano es heroica los primeros meses e imposible después.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4037,"children":4038},{},[4039],{"type":40,"value":4040},"El velo societario seguirá existiendo, pues para eso fue inventado y tiene usos perfectamente legítimos que nadie discute. Lo que está cambiando en Chile y en el mundo es que levantar ese velo dejará de ser una hazaña investigativa para convertirse en un trámite verificable. Las organizaciones que se preparen ahora cruzarán ese umbral con paso tranquilo, y las demás llegarán igual al otro lado, pero pagando el peaje que la improvisación les cobra siempre a los que llegan tarde.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":4042,"children":4043},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4045,"children":4046},{},[4047,4049,4054,4055,4060],{"type":40,"value":4048},"Neitcom verifica contra listas PEP, ONU y OFAC a los beneficiarios finales que usted identifica, y lo hace desde 2004. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4050,"children":4051},{"href":218},[4052],{"type":40,"value":4053},"Conversemos sobre su proceso de debida diligencia",{"type":40,"value":2777},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4056,"children":4057},{"href":125},[4058],{"type":40,"value":4059},"la obligación vigente de beneficiario final",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":4062},[4063,4064,4065,4066],{"id":3961,"depth":225,"text":3964},{"id":3977,"depth":225,"text":3980},{"id":4006,"depth":225,"text":4009},{"id":4027,"depth":225,"text":4030},"content:blog:registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi.md","blog/registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi.md","blog/registro-beneficiarios-finales-deuda-gafi",{"_path":4071,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":4072,"description":4073,"category":249,"readTime":2796,"date":4074,"author":14,"tags":4075,"image":4079,"body":4080,"_type":233,"_id":4197,"_source":235,"_file":4198,"_stem":4199,"_extension":238},"/blog/cmf-alineacion-circular-62","La CMF se alinea con la Circular 62 y se acaba la doble vara","La CMF ajustó su normativa de prevención de lavado de activos para converger con la Circular N°62 de la UAF. Qué cambia para bancos, cooperativas y emisores.","2026-08-11",[442,4076,249,4077,4078,11],"Circular UAF 62","Bancos","Cooperativas","/images/blog/cmf-alineacion-circular-62-v2.jpg",{"type":24,"children":4081,"toc":4192},[4082,4097,4102,4107,4113,4118,4123,4129,4134,4139,4144,4152,4158,4163,4168,4173,4176],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":4083,"children":4084},{},[4085,4093],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4086,"children":4087},{},[4088],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":4089,"children":4090},{},[4091],{"type":40,"value":4092},"\"Nadie puede servir a dos señores.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4094,"children":4095},{},[4096],{"type":40,"value":3676},{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4098,"children":4099},{},[4100],{"type":40,"value":4101},"Durante años los oficiales de cumplimiento del sector financiero chileno convivieron con una paradoja silenciosa, de esas que no aparecen en los organigramas pero consumen horas de trabajo real. Respondían ante dos reguladores, la Unidad de Análisis Financiero y la Comisión para el Mercado Financiero, cuyas exigencias en materia de prevención de lavado de activos se parecían mucho sin llegar a ser idénticas, como dos dialectos de un mismo idioma que obligan al hablante a traducirse constantemente a sí mismo. Ese espacio entre ambas normas, angosto pero real, dio origen a una suerte de doble contabilidad normativa donde la matriz de riesgos se armaba pensando en la UAF, se ajustaba pensando en la CMF, y el oficial de cumplimiento hacía de intérprete entre dos textos que hablaban de lo mismo con palabras distintas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4103,"children":4104},{},[4105],{"type":40,"value":4106},"Ese espacio se está cerrando. La CMF publicó ajustes a su normativa de prevención del lavado de activos, financiamiento del terrorismo y proliferación de armas de destrucción masiva para alinearla con la Circular N°62 de la UAF, modificando entre otros los Capítulos 1-7, 1-13, 1-14 y 1-16 de la Recopilación Actualizada de Normas para Bancos, la Circular N°1 de Emisores de Tarjetas de Pago no bancarias y la Circular N°123 de Cooperativas. Antes de entrar al detalle quisiéramos plantear la pregunta que nos parece más interesante de este anuncio, y que va más allá de los capítulos modificados. ¿Qué le dice esta convergencia al sujeto obligado que venía cumpliendo a dos velocidades?",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4108,"children":4110},{"id":4109},"de-dónde-venimos",[4111],{"type":40,"value":4112},"De dónde venimos",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4114,"children":4115},{},[4116],{"type":40,"value":4117},"La Circular N°62, vigente desde junio de 2025, no fue una circular más en el flujo habitual de instrucciones. Sistematizó y reemplazó el cuerpo normativo que la UAF había construido durante más de una década, incluida la histórica Circular N°49 que acompañó a los sujetos obligados desde 2012, e incorporó estándares internacionales del GAFI que la normativa dispersa ya no lograba reflejar con claridad. Entre sus exigencias destaca la revisión periódica y sistemática de todos los clientes contra las listas de resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas, junto con un ordenamiento general de obligaciones que antes habitaban en decenas de oficios e instrucciones separadas, como libros valiosos repartidos en bibliotecas distintas que por fin alguien reunió en un solo estante.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4119,"children":4120},{},[4121],{"type":40,"value":4122},"Era cuestión de tiempo que el segundo regulador del ecosistema hiciera su parte del trabajo. Un banco chileno responde ante la UAF en su calidad de sujeto obligado de la Ley 19.913, pero su supervisión prudencial, aquella que observa su gobierno corporativo, sus provisiones y su gestión integral de riesgos, pertenece a la CMF. Mientras ambos marcos no conversaran con el mismo vocabulario, el cumplimiento tenía costuras, y las costuras, en materia de prevención de delitos, son precisamente el lugar por donde entra el agua.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4124,"children":4126},{"id":4125},"lo-que-la-convergencia-significa-en-la-práctica",[4127],{"type":40,"value":4128},"Lo que la convergencia significa en la práctica",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4130,"children":4131},{},[4132],{"type":40,"value":4133},"La primera consecuencia es el fin del arbitraje interpretativo. Cuando dos normas difieren en el matiz siempre existe la tentación, humana y comprensible pero riesgosa, de cumplir con la versión menos exigente y documentar cuidadosamente la duda. Con los marcos alineados esa zona gris se angosta hasta casi desaparecer, porque lo que la UAF espera y lo que la CMF supervisa apuntan ahora al mismo estándar, y el argumento de la ambigüedad pierde el poco sustento que tenía.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4135,"children":4136},{},[4137],{"type":40,"value":4138},"La segunda es que la fiscalización se vuelve estereoscópica. Así como nuestros dos ojos, mirando el mismo objeto desde ángulos levemente distintos, nos regalan la percepción de profundidad que un ojo solo no alcanza, dos reguladores examinando el mismo programa de prevención con la misma vara ven en relieve lo que uno solo veía en plano. Las debilidades de un modelo de prevención, las matrices desactualizadas, la debida diligencia que es formal en el papel pero no sustantiva en la práctica, las alertas que se generan y nadie gestiona, quedan expuestas ante ambas autoridades simultáneamente.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4140,"children":4141},{},[4142],{"type":40,"value":4143},"La tercera consecuencia es quizás la más relevante para el mercado, y es que los sectores considerados periféricos entran definitivamente al centro. Que los ajustes alcancen a los emisores de tarjetas no bancarios y a las cooperativas no es un detalle técnico sino la confirmación de que el perímetro de exigencia dejó de ser un asunto exclusivo de la banca tradicional. Si una cooperativa de ahorro y crédito o una fintech emisora seguía tratando la prevención de lavado de activos como un anexo de su operación, este es el aviso formal de que el anexo pasó a ser capítulo.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":4145,"children":4146},{"type":542},[4147],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4148,"children":4149},{},[4150],{"type":40,"value":4151},"Atención especial merecen las cooperativas y los emisores no bancarios. Las modificaciones a la Circular N°123 y a la Circular N°1 los incorporan explícitamente al estándar convergente, de modo que la brecha entre lo que su programa hace hoy y lo que la Circular 62 exige es, desde ahora, una brecha visible para dos reguladores a la vez.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4153,"children":4155},{"id":4154},"la-lección-de-fondo",[4156],{"type":40,"value":4157},"La lección de fondo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4159,"children":4160},{},[4161],{"type":40,"value":4162},"Hay una enseñanza en este episodio que trasciende a la circular en particular, y es que los sistemas normativos maduros tienden hacia la coherencia como los ríos tienden al mar. Chile lleva más de dos décadas construyendo su arquitectura antilavado, desde la creación de la UAF en 2003 hasta la Ley de Delitos Económicos de 2023, y cada convergencia de este tipo reduce el espacio donde el incumplimiento podía disfrazarse de interpretación. Lo que ayer era un resquicio hoy es una pared.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4164,"children":4165},{},[4166],{"type":40,"value":4167},"Para el oficial de cumplimiento la tarea inmediata es concreta y no admite postergación elegante. Tomar el programa actual, cruzarlo contra la Circular 62 y contra los capítulos modificados de la RAN que le apliquen, y documentar la brecha mientras todavía es un hallazgo interno y no una observación del regulador, porque la diferencia entre ambas cosas, como sabe cualquiera que haya vivido una fiscalización, se mide en algo más que prestigio.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4169,"children":4170},{},[4171],{"type":40,"value":4172},"Servir a dos señores era difícil, y en eso el evangelista tenía razón. La buena noticia es que ahora ambos piden lo mismo. La noticia exigente es que ya no queda dónde esconderse entre los dos.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":4174,"children":4175},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4177,"children":4178},{},[4179,4181,4185,4187,4191],{"type":40,"value":4180},"Si su matriz de riesgos y su proceso de debida diligencia necesitan ponerse al día con la Circular 62, Neitcom automatiza la consulta PEP, el screening contra listas ONU y OFAC y la trazabilidad que ambos reguladores esperan encontrar. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4182,"children":4183},{"href":218},[4184],{"type":40,"value":3330},{"type":40,"value":4186}," o profundice en nuestra ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4188,"children":4189},{"href":3204},[4190],{"type":40,"value":3207},{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":4193},[4194,4195,4196],{"id":4109,"depth":225,"text":4112},{"id":4125,"depth":225,"text":4128},{"id":4154,"depth":225,"text":4157},"content:blog:cmf-alineacion-circular-62.md","blog/cmf-alineacion-circular-62.md","blog/cmf-alineacion-circular-62",{"_path":4201,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":4202,"description":4203,"category":438,"readTime":2796,"date":4204,"author":14,"tags":4205,"image":4206,"body":4207,"_type":233,"_id":4315,"_source":235,"_file":4316,"_stem":4317,"_extension":238},"/blog/ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos","El oficial de cumplimiento como tratante de datos en la Ley 21.719","Las bases KYC, los registros PEP y la debida diligencia son tratamiento de datos personales. Cómo la Ley 21.719 alcanza al propio programa de compliance.","2026-08-10",[441,438,1712,16,11],"/images/blog/ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos-v2.jpg",{"type":24,"children":4208,"toc":4310},[4209,4230,4235,4241,4246,4251,4257,4262,4267,4275,4281,4286,4291,4294],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":4210,"children":4211},{},[4212,4220],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4213,"children":4214},{},[4215],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":4216,"children":4217},{},[4218],{"type":40,"value":4219},"\"¿Quién vigilará a los propios vigilantes?\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4221,"children":4222},{},[4223,4225],{"type":40,"value":4224},"Juvenal, en las ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":4226,"children":4227},{},[4228],{"type":40,"value":4229},"Sátiras",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4231,"children":4232},{},[4233],{"type":40,"value":4234},"Mucho se ha escrito sobre la Ley 21.719 y lo que exige a las empresas respecto de sus clientes, sus trabajadores y sus campañas de marketing, y en este mismo blog hemos dedicado varias reflexiones a la nueva era que comienza el primero de diciembre de 2026. Hoy queremos mirar el asunto desde un ángulo que casi nadie ha explorado y que nos parece, sin embargo, el más urgente para quienes trabajan en nuestro rubro. La pregunta de Juvenal, escrita hace casi dos mil años para otros vigilantes, cae hoy sobre el escritorio del oficial de cumplimiento con una precisión incómoda, porque el área que fiscaliza a los demás será, desde diciembre, una de las más fiscalizadas de la organización.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4236,"children":4238},{"id":4237},"el-fiscalizador-fiscalizado",[4239],{"type":40,"value":4240},"El fiscalizador fiscalizado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4242,"children":4243},{},[4244],{"type":40,"value":4245},"Detengámonos un momento en lo que un programa de prevención de lavado de activos acumula en su operación cotidiana. Nombres, cédulas de identidad, domicilios y actividades económicas de miles de clientes recolectados en el proceso de conocimiento del cliente. Registros de calidad de persona expuesta políticamente, con el detalle de cargos, parentescos y asociaciones que la Circular N°62 obliga a indagar. Cadenas de propiedad que llegan hasta el beneficiario final, es decir hasta personas naturales que muchas veces jamás firmaron nada con la empresa y cuyos datos se obtuvieron precisamente porque intentaban no aparecer. Perfiles transaccionales, alertas de comportamiento, y en los casos más delicados, antecedentes que terminaron en un reporte de operación sospechosa.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4247,"children":4248},{},[4249],{"type":40,"value":4250},"Todo eso, mirado desde la Ley 19.913, es debida diligencia bien hecha. Mirado desde la Ley 21.719, es tratamiento masivo de datos personales, y en varios casos de datos especialmente protegidos. El mismo archivo que ante la UAF demuestra diligencia constituye, ante la nueva Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales, una actividad de tratamiento que debe tener base de licitud, finalidad declarada, plazo de conservación, medidas de seguridad y un responsable identificable. El vigilante, sin haber cambiado de oficio, quedó dentro del perímetro vigilado.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4252,"children":4254},{"id":4253},"donde-las-dos-leyes-se-dan-la-mano-y-donde-se-miran-con-recelo",[4255],{"type":40,"value":4256},"Donde las dos leyes se dan la mano y donde se miran con recelo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4258,"children":4259},{},[4260],{"type":40,"value":4261},"La buena noticia es que ambos cuerpos normativos conviven mejor de lo que parece a primera vista. El tratamiento de datos que exige la prevención de lavado de activos descansa sobre la base de licitud más sólida que contempla la nueva ley, el cumplimiento de una obligación legal, de manera que el oficial de cumplimiento no necesita pedirle consentimiento al cliente para consultarlo contra las listas del Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas, y sería absurdo que lo necesitara. La finalidad está definida por la propia Ley 19.913, y los plazos de conservación que la normativa UAF establece, como el deber de mantener registros por cinco años, entregan al programa de compliance una respuesta preparada para la pregunta por la limitación del almacenamiento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4263,"children":4264},{},[4265],{"type":40,"value":4266},"Las tensiones aparecen en los bordes, que es donde aparecen siempre las cosas interesantes del derecho. Un titular que ejerza su derecho de acceso podría preguntar qué información tiene la empresa sobre él, y el oficial de cumplimiento deberá responder sin revelar jamás la existencia de un reporte de operación sospechosa, cuya reserva la Ley 19.913 protege con sanción penal. Los datos del beneficiario final son datos de terceros recolectados sin su participación, lo que exige especial cuidado en su exactitud y su custodia. Y el principio de minimización invita a revisar una costumbre extendida en el rubro, la de acumular por si acaso, porque desde diciembre cada dato guardado sin finalidad ni plazo definidos deja de ser prudencia y pasa a ser pasivo.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":4268,"children":4269},{"type":171},[4270],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4271,"children":4272},{},[4273],{"type":40,"value":4274},"Un punto que merece agenda propia en el comité. Las carpetas de debida diligencia suelen contener datos sensibles en el sentido de la Ley 21.719, como antecedentes penales o información patrimonial detallada, cuyo tratamiento exige medidas reforzadas de seguridad y acceso. Conviene inventariarlas antes de que lo pida un fiscalizador.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4276,"children":4278},{"id":4277},"los-113-días-del-que-vigila",[4279],{"type":40,"value":4280},"Los 113 días del que vigila",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4282,"children":4283},{},[4284],{"type":40,"value":4285},"Quedan 113 días para la vigencia plena, y para el área de compliance el trabajo de adecuación tiene un contorno más definido que para el resto de la organización, lo que constituye una ventaja si se aprovecha a tiempo. Se trata de levantar el registro de actividades de tratamiento del propio programa de prevención, documentando qué datos se recolectan en el KYC, con qué base legal, dónde se almacenan, quién accede a ellos y cuándo se eliminan. Se trata de revisar los contratos con los proveedores que participan del proceso, desde las fuentes de información hasta el software de screening, porque muchos de ellos serán encargados de tratamiento en el sentido de la nueva ley. Y se trata de preparar el procedimiento para responder solicitudes de titulares sin comprometer la reserva que la normativa antilavado impone, un equilibrio que improvisado sale mal y diseñado sale simple.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4287,"children":4288},{},[4289],{"type":40,"value":4290},"Hay una lectura final que quisiéramos dejar planteada. El oficial de cumplimiento es, de todas las personas de la organización, quien mejor entiende lo que significa custodiar información ajena con rigor, trazabilidad y reserva, porque lleva años haciéndolo bajo la mirada de la UAF. La Ley 21.719 no le cambia el oficio, le amplía la jurisdicción, y bien mirado lo convierte en el aliado natural del delegado de protección de datos que muchas empresas están recién designando. A la pregunta de Juvenal, quién vigila a los vigilantes, la respuesta moderna resultó ser menos dramática que la del poeta. Se vigilan entre sí, con registros que cualquiera puede auditar, y las organizaciones donde ambos vigilantes trabajan juntos duermen considerablemente mejor.",{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":4292,"children":4293},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4295,"children":4296},{},[4297,4299,4303,4304,4309],{"type":40,"value":4298},"Los datos que su programa de compliance administra merecen el mismo estándar que usted exige a sus clientes. Neitcom entrega trazabilidad completa sobre cada consulta PEP, cada screening y cada proceso de debida diligencia desde 2004. ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4300,"children":4301},{"href":218},[4302],{"type":40,"value":221},{"type":40,"value":3507},{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4305,"children":4306},{"href":572},[4307],{"type":40,"value":4308},"los derechos de las personas tras el dato",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":4311},[4312,4313,4314],{"id":4237,"depth":225,"text":4240},{"id":4253,"depth":225,"text":4256},{"id":4277,"depth":225,"text":4280},"content:blog:ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos.md","blog/ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos.md","blog/ley-21719-oficial-cumplimiento-datos",{"_path":4319,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":4320,"description":4321,"category":438,"readTime":4322,"date":4323,"author":14,"tags":4324,"image":4326,"body":4327,"_type":233,"_id":4481,"_source":235,"_file":4482,"_stem":4483,"_extension":238},"/blog/llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos","Llegar a diciembre, el arte de prepararse para la ley de datos sin perder el alma","Quedan pocos meses para la entrada en vigencia de la Ley 21.719. Una hoja de ruta serena para que su organización llegue a tiempo, desde el inventario de datos hasta la respuesta ante brechas.",9,"2026-06-12",[441,438,4325,11,444],"Implementación","/images/blog/llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":4328,"toc":4473},[4329,4334,4339,4345,4350,4355,4360,4369,4375,4380,4385,4391,4396,4401,4407,4412,4417,4423,4428,4433,4439,4445,4450,4455],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4330,"children":4331},{},[4332],{"type":40,"value":4333},"Hay una vieja sabiduría de campo que dice que el mejor momento para plantar un árbol fue hace veinte años y el segundo mejor momento es hoy. Con la Ley 21.719 ocurre algo parecido. El mejor momento para empezar a cumplirla fue diciembre de 2024, cuando se publicó y comenzó a correr el plazo de dos años. El segundo mejor momento es esta semana.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4335,"children":4336},{},[4337],{"type":40,"value":4338},"El 1 de diciembre de 2026 la ley entra en plena vigencia, con su Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales facultada para fiscalizar y sancionar, sus multas que pueden alcanzar las 20.000 UTM y su exigencia central, que no es tener buenas intenciones sino poder demostrarlas. Para las organizaciones que aún miran el calendario con incomodidad, lo que sigue es una hoja de ruta sin alarmismo. El tiempo alcanza si se camina con dirección.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4340,"children":4342},{"id":4341},"primero-saber-qué-se-tiene",[4343],{"type":40,"value":4344},"Primero, saber qué se tiene",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4346,"children":4347},{},[4348],{"type":40,"value":4349},"Ningún viaje de cumplimiento comienza en el manual. Comienza en el inventario. Antes de redactar políticas conviene responder la pregunta más antigua de todas. Qué datos personales trata mi organización, dónde viven, quién los ve y por qué existen.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4351,"children":4352},{},[4353],{"type":40,"value":4354},"Este ejercicio, que la ley formaliza bajo la figura del registro de actividades de tratamiento, suele deparar sorpresas. Datos de clientes en el sistema comercial, sí, pero también en la planilla del vendedor, en el correo del gerente, en el respaldo de un computador dado de baja. Datos de trabajadores en recursos humanos, de postulantes que nunca fueron contratados, de proveedores, de visitas registradas en recepción. El mapa completo casi siempre es más grande que el recordado.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4356,"children":4357},{},[4358],{"type":40,"value":4359},"Levantar ese mapa con honestidad es la mitad del cumplimiento. Lo que no se conoce no se puede proteger ni justificar.",{"type":27,"tag":4361,"props":4362,"children":4363},"pull-quote",{},[4364],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4365,"children":4366},{},[4367],{"type":40,"value":4368},"Lo que no se conoce no se puede proteger ni justificar.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4370,"children":4372},{"id":4371},"segundo-darle-a-cada-dato-una-razón-de-existir",[4373],{"type":40,"value":4374},"Segundo, darle a cada dato una razón de existir",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4376,"children":4377},{},[4378],{"type":40,"value":4379},"La nueva ley exige que todo tratamiento descanse sobre una base de licitud. El consentimiento de la persona, la ejecución de un contrato, el cumplimiento de una obligación legal, entre otras. El ejercicio práctico consiste en recorrer el inventario preguntándole a cada categoría de datos cuál es su fundamento.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4381,"children":4382},{},[4383],{"type":40,"value":4384},"Aquí las organizaciones reguladas tienen ventaja y deber a la vez. Quien recolecta información por mandato de la Ley 19.913 tiene su base de licitud servida, pues cumple una obligación legal. Pero esa misma claridad lo obliga a distinguir. Los datos que la norma exige conservar tienen su justificación. Los que se acumularon por costumbre, por si acaso, porque el formulario siempre los pidió, no la tienen. Diciembre será un buen pretexto para soltar lastre.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4386,"children":4388},{"id":4387},"tercero-ordenar-la-casa-de-los-terceros",[4389],{"type":40,"value":4390},"Tercero, ordenar la casa de los terceros",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4392,"children":4393},{},[4394],{"type":40,"value":4395},"Pocas empresas tratan sus datos completamente solas. Hay proveedores de software, servicios en la nube, empresas de cobranza, agencias de marketing. La ley exige que esas relaciones queden reguladas por contratos donde el encargado del tratamiento asuma deberes concretos de seguridad y confidencialidad.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4397,"children":4398},{},[4399],{"type":40,"value":4400},"Revisar esos contratos toma tiempo porque depende de voluntades ajenas. Por eso conviene empezar temprano y por los proveedores que tocan los datos más sensibles. Una organización seria también le preguntará a cada proveedor dónde aloja la información, pues las transferencias internacionales de datos tienen ahora reglas propias y el país avanzó durante 2025 en cláusulas modelo para darles cauce.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4402,"children":4404},{"id":4403},"cuarto-prepararse-para-el-mal-día",[4405],{"type":40,"value":4406},"Cuarto, prepararse para el mal día",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4408,"children":4409},{},[4410],{"type":40,"value":4411},"La ley obliga a notificar las brechas de seguridad que afecten datos personales. Detrás de esa obligación hay una verdad incómoda que la experiencia internacional confirma. La pregunta no es si una organización sufrirá algún incidente sino cuándo, y lo que distingue a las empresas maduras no es la ausencia de brechas sino la calidad de su respuesta.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4413,"children":4414},{},[4415],{"type":40,"value":4416},"Prepararse para el mal día significa tener un procedimiento escrito y ensayado. Quién detecta, quién evalúa, quién decide notificar, quién le habla a los afectados y quién a la autoridad. Una brecha gestionada con transparencia y rapidez puede incluso fortalecer la confianza. Una brecha escondida la destruye dos veces.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4418,"children":4420},{"id":4419},"quinto-las-personas-antes-que-los-papeles",[4421],{"type":40,"value":4422},"Quinto, las personas antes que los papeles",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4424,"children":4425},{},[4426],{"type":40,"value":4427},"Ninguna política sobrevive al desconocimiento de quienes deben aplicarla. La capacitación no es el anexo del proyecto de cumplimiento sino su corazón. El vendedor que pide datos de más, el analista que comparte una planilla por mensajería, el ejecutivo que reutiliza una base antigua actúan casi siempre por hábito y no por malicia. Los hábitos se corrigen con formación, con ejemplos cercanos y con líderes que prediquen practicando.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4429,"children":4430},{},[4431],{"type":40,"value":4432},"Las empresas de menor tamaño cuentan con un primer año en que las infracciones iniciales se sancionarán con amonestaciones en lugar de multas. Es una ventana de aprendizaje valiosa, pensada para corregir en marcha. Sería un error leerla como permiso para no empezar.",{"type":27,"tag":4434,"props":4435,"children":4438},"dato-clave",{"cifra":4436,"texto":4437},"12 meses","Ventana de amonestaciones para empresas de menor tamaño",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4440,"children":4442},{"id":4441},"el-cumplimiento-como-forma-de-cuidado",[4443],{"type":40,"value":4444},"El cumplimiento como forma de cuidado",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4446,"children":4447},{},[4448],{"type":40,"value":4449},"Si algo enseñan las dos décadas que llevamos acompañando a organizaciones en su cumplimiento normativo, es que las leyes exigentes terminan separando aguas. De un lado quedan las empresas que cumplen por miedo, siempre tarde y a regañadientes. Del otro, las que entienden que cumplir es una manera de cuidar aquello que se les confió.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4451,"children":4452},{},[4453],{"type":40,"value":4454},"La Ley 21.719 custodia algo particularmente delicado, los fragmentos de vida que las personas dejan en manos ajenas cada vez que firman, compran, postulan o navegan. Llegar bien a diciembre no es solamente evitar multas. Es estar a la altura de esa confianza.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4456,"children":4457},{},[4458,4460,4465,4467,4472],{"type":40,"value":4459},"En Neitcom construimos tecnología para que el cumplimiento sea trazable, ordenado y demostrable, que es precisamente lo que la nueva Agencia vendrá a buscar. Si su organización quiere conversar sobre cómo sus procesos de debida diligencia y su gestión de datos pueden caminar juntos hacia diciembre, ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4461,"children":4462},{"href":218},[4463],{"type":40,"value":4464},"estamos aquí",{"type":40,"value":4466},". Y si desea seguir leyendo, le sugerimos nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4468,"children":4469},{"href":572},[4470],{"type":40,"value":4471},"los derechos que la nueva ley devuelve a las personas",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":4474},[4475,4476,4477,4478,4479,4480],{"id":4341,"depth":225,"text":4344},{"id":4371,"depth":225,"text":4374},{"id":4387,"depth":225,"text":4390},{"id":4403,"depth":225,"text":4406},{"id":4419,"depth":225,"text":4422},{"id":4441,"depth":225,"text":4444},"content:blog:llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos.md","blog/llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos.md","blog/llegar-a-diciembre-ley-datos",{"_path":4485,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":4486,"description":4487,"category":438,"readTime":4488,"date":4489,"author":14,"tags":4490,"image":4493,"body":4494,"_type":233,"_id":4610,"_source":235,"_file":4611,"_stem":4612,"_extension":238},"/blog/persona-detras-del-dato","La persona detrás del dato, los derechos que la nueva ley devuelve","Acceso, rectificación, cancelación, oposición, portabilidad. La Ley 21.719 convierte derechos que eran letra muerta en facultades exigibles. Qué significa para las personas y qué deben preparar las empresas.",8,"2026-06-11",[441,4491,438,4492],"Derechos ARCO","Titulares de Datos","/images/blog/persona-detras-del-dato.jpg",{"type":24,"children":4495,"toc":4605},[4496,4501,4506,4514,4520,4525,4530,4535,4540,4545,4550,4556,4561,4566,4571,4577,4582,4587],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4497,"children":4498},{},[4499],{"type":40,"value":4500},"Todo dato personal es una huella, y toda huella pertenece a un pie que caminó por alguna parte. Esa verdad simple, casi de perogrullo, es la que el derecho chileno tardó décadas en tomar en serio. Los datos se acumulaban en bases comerciales, se cruzaban, se cedían, y la persona que los había dejado caminando por la vida rara vez tenía cómo saber dónde estaban ni quién los miraba.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4502,"children":4503},{},[4504],{"type":40,"value":4505},"La Ley 21.719 construye su edificio entero sobre la idea contraria. El dato no pertenece a quien lo almacena sino a quien lo origina. Desde el 1 de diciembre de 2026, esa pertenencia dejará de ser una declaración de principios para convertirse en un conjunto de derechos con procedimiento, plazo y autoridad detrás.",{"type":27,"tag":4361,"props":4507,"children":4508},{},[4509],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4510,"children":4511},{},[4512],{"type":40,"value":4513},"El dato no pertenece a quien lo almacena sino a quien lo origina.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4515,"children":4517},{"id":4516},"los-derechos-que-despiertan",[4518],{"type":40,"value":4519},"Los derechos que despiertan",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4521,"children":4522},{},[4523],{"type":40,"value":4524},"El derecho de acceso permite a cualquier persona preguntarle a una organización qué información suya posee, de dónde la obtuvo y para qué la usa. Parece elemental y sin embargo durante años fue una pregunta sin destinatario. Ahora tendrá respuesta obligatoria.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4526,"children":4527},{},[4528],{"type":40,"value":4529},"El derecho de rectificación se hace cargo de algo que cualquiera que haya peleado con un registro erróneo conoce bien. Los datos equivocados no son inofensivos. Una deuda mal informada, una dirección antigua, un homónimo confundido pueden cerrar puertas durante años. La ley obliga a corregir lo inexacto cuando el titular lo pide.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4531,"children":4532},{},[4533],{"type":40,"value":4534},"El derecho de cancelación, que el mundo conoce como derecho a la supresión, permite exigir que los datos se eliminen cuando ya no existe razón legítima para conservarlos. No es un derecho absoluto, porque hay deberes legales de conservación que prevalecen, pero termina con la costumbre de guardar todo para siempre por simple inercia.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4536,"children":4537},{},[4538],{"type":40,"value":4539},"El derecho de oposición habilita a la persona a negarse a ciertos tratamientos, y la portabilidad le permite llevarse sus datos de un proveedor a otro en un formato utilizable, como quien se muda de casa con sus muebles y no solamente con lo puesto.",{"type":27,"tag":4434,"props":4541,"children":4544},{"cifra":4542,"texto":4543},"5+","Derechos exigibles: acceso, rectificación, cancelación, oposición y portabilidad",[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4546,"children":4547},{},[4548],{"type":40,"value":4549},"La ley agrega además un derecho que pertenece de lleno a nuestra época. El de no quedar sometido a decisiones tomadas exclusivamente por sistemas automatizados cuando estas producen efectos significativos, y el de pedir que un ser humano revise lo que el algoritmo resolvió. En tiempos en que un modelo estadístico puede negar un crédito o descartar un currículum, la norma le recuerda a la tecnología que detrás de cada registro hay alguien que merece explicaciones.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4551,"children":4553},{"id":4552},"lo-que-esto-exige-de-las-organizaciones",[4554],{"type":40,"value":4555},"Lo que esto exige de las organizaciones",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4557,"children":4558},{},[4559],{"type":40,"value":4560},"Para las empresas, cada uno de estos derechos es también un procedimiento que deberá existir antes de que alguien lo invoque. La pregunta dejó de ser si llegará una solicitud de acceso o de cancelación. La pregunta es si la organización podrá responderla dentro de plazo y con la verdad.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4562,"children":4563},{},[4564],{"type":40,"value":4565},"Responder con la verdad supone algo previo y más difícil. Saber realmente qué datos se tienen. Muchas organizaciones descubrirán, al levantar su primer inventario, que la información personal vive repartida en sistemas que no conversan entre sí, en planillas heredadas de empleados que ya no están, en respaldos que nadie ha abierto en años. Ordenar esa casa es la tarea silenciosa que precede a todo cumplimiento visible.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4567,"children":4568},{},[4569],{"type":40,"value":4570},"Y hay un matiz que las áreas reguladas conocen mejor que nadie. Los derechos del titular tienen fronteras donde comienzan otras obligaciones legales. Una empresa sujeta a la normativa de prevención de lavado de activos no puede cancelar el expediente de debida diligencia de un cliente solo porque este lo solicite, pues la ley le ordena conservarlo. Saber explicar esa frontera con fundamento, por escrito y sin soberbia será parte del nuevo oficio de cumplir.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4572,"children":4574},{"id":4573},"un-cambio-de-cultura-más-que-de-norma",[4575],{"type":40,"value":4576},"Un cambio de cultura más que de norma",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4578,"children":4579},{},[4580],{"type":40,"value":4581},"Los países que recorrieron este camino antes que Chile aprendieron que la verdadera transformación no ocurre en los manuales sino en la cultura. Cuando una organización interioriza que cada registro es una persona, las decisiones cotidianas cambian de tono. Se pide menos información de la que se pedía por costumbre. Se cuestionan los formularios eternos. Se mira con otros ojos la base de datos que alguien ofrece vender.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4583,"children":4584},{},[4585],{"type":40,"value":4586},"Ese cambio de mirada es, a fin de cuentas, el propósito profundo de la ley. No castigar empresas sino devolverle a cada persona el gobierno de su propia huella.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4588,"children":4589},{},[4590,4592,4596,4598,4604],{"type":40,"value":4591},"En Neitcom trabajamos hace más de dos décadas con la convicción de que la información sensible exige respeto y trazabilidad. Nuestras plataformas permiten saber qué se consultó, cuándo y por quién, que es exactamente la clase de respuesta que la nueva era regulatoria va a exigir. Si su organización está pensando cómo armonizar sus deberes de conocimiento del cliente con los derechos de los titulares, ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4593,"children":4594},{"href":218},[4595],{"type":40,"value":3505},{"type":40,"value":4597},". También puede interesarle nuestro artículo sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":4599,"children":4601},{"href":4600},"/blog/oficial-cumplimiento-funciones/",[4602],{"type":40,"value":4603},"el rol del oficial de cumplimiento",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":4606},[4607,4608,4609],{"id":4516,"depth":225,"text":4519},{"id":4552,"depth":225,"text":4555},{"id":4573,"depth":225,"text":4576},"content:blog:persona-detras-del-dato.md","blog/persona-detras-del-dato.md","blog/persona-detras-del-dato",{"_path":4614,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":4615,"description":4616,"category":11,"readTime":4617,"date":4618,"author":14,"tags":4619,"image":4624,"body":4625,"_type":233,"_id":5209,"_source":235,"_file":5210,"_stem":5211,"_extension":238},"/blog/capacitacion-pld-equipos","Capacitación en prevención de lavado de activos: cómo formar a su equipo","Guía práctica para capacitar a su equipo en prevención de lavado de activos: obligaciones, contenidos mínimos, modalidades y cómo medir su efectividad.",7,"2026-06-10",[4620,4621,4622,11,4623,1888],"Capacitación","Prevención Lavado de Activos","PLD","Cultura de Cumplimiento","/images/blog/capacitacion-pld-equipos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":4626,"toc":5200},[4627,4638,4644,4661,4673,4688,4694,4706,4767,4773,4778,4842,4848,4853,5021,5033,5039,5044,5097,5113,5119,5131,5136,5171,5176,5182],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4628,"children":4629},{},[4630,4631,4636],{"type":40,"value":1476},{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4632,"children":4633},{},[4634],{"type":40,"value":4635},"capacitación",{"type":40,"value":4637}," es uno de los pilares menos visibles y más decisivos del modelo de prevención de lavado de activos y financiamiento del terrorismo (LA/FT). Un manual impecable y un sistema de monitoreo de última generación pierden eficacia si las personas que atienden clientes, abren cuentas o autorizan operaciones no saben reconocer una señal de alerta ni qué hacer con ella. Formar al equipo no es un trámite: es lo que transforma las políticas escritas en conductas reales.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4639,"children":4641},{"id":4640},"por-qué-la-normativa-exige-capacitar",[4642],{"type":40,"value":4643},"¿Por qué la normativa exige capacitar?",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4645,"children":4646},{},[4647,4649,4653,4655,4659],{"type":40,"value":4648},"La normativa vigente en Chile, articulada en torno a la ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4650,"children":4651},{},[4652],{"type":40,"value":249},{"type":40,"value":4654}," (que crea la UAF y regula la prevención del lavado de activos) y la ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4656,"children":4657},{},[4658],{"type":40,"value":2243},{"type":40,"value":4660}," (responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas), entiende la capacitación como un componente obligatorio del programa de prevención, no como un beneficio opcional para el personal.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4662,"children":4663},{},[4664,4666,4671],{"type":40,"value":4665},"La lógica es directa. El sistema de prevención descansa en que cada colaborador sea capaz de detectar operaciones inusuales y reportarlas internamente. Esa capacidad no es innata: se construye con formación periódica. Por eso la UAF espera que los sujetos obligados mantengan un programa de capacitación con ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4667,"children":4668},{},[4669],{"type":40,"value":4670},"periodicidad razonable",{"type":40,"value":4672}," (típicamente anual como mínimo), debidamente documentado y disponible para revisión en una eventual fiscalización.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":4674,"children":4675},{"type":171},[4676],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4677,"children":4678},{},[4679,4681,4686],{"type":40,"value":4680},"Para la UAF, un equipo capacitado y con registros de asistencia es evidencia concreta de que el modelo de prevención ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4682,"children":4683},{},[4684],{"type":40,"value":4685},"opera en la práctica",{"type":40,"value":4687},", y no solo en el papel. La ausencia de capacitación suele leerse como una debilidad estructural del programa.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4689,"children":4691},{"id":4690},"quiénes-deben-capacitarse",[4692],{"type":40,"value":4693},"¿Quiénes deben capacitarse?",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4695,"children":4696},{},[4697,4699,4704],{"type":40,"value":4698},"La respuesta corta es: ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4700,"children":4701},{},[4702],{"type":40,"value":4703},"todo el personal",{"type":40,"value":4705},". La respuesta útil es que la profundidad y el foco deben adaptarse al rol y a la exposición al riesgo de cada persona.",{"type":27,"tag":4707,"props":4708,"children":4709},"ul",{},[4710,4721,4731,4747,4757],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4712,"children":4713},"li",{},[4714,4719],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4715,"children":4716},{},[4717],{"type":40,"value":4718},"Áreas de cara al cliente",{"type":40,"value":4720}," (ejecutivos comerciales, atención, plataforma, ventas): son la primera línea de defensa. Necesitan formación detallada en debida diligencia, señales de alerta y procedimientos de reporte interno.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4722,"children":4723},{},[4724,4729],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4725,"children":4726},{},[4727],{"type":40,"value":4728},"Áreas de operaciones y back office",{"type":40,"value":4730},": procesan transacciones y pueden detectar patrones inusuales que no son evidentes en el mostrador.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4732,"children":4733},{},[4734,4739,4741,4746],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4735,"children":4736},{},[4737],{"type":40,"value":4738},"Alta dirección y directorio",{"type":40,"value":4740},": deben comprender el marco legal, su responsabilidad en la aprobación y el respaldo del programa, y las consecuencias de un incumplimiento. Su involucramiento marca el ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":4742,"children":4743},{},[4744],{"type":40,"value":4745},"tono desde la cúpula",{"type":40,"value":185},{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4748,"children":4749},{},[4750,4755],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4751,"children":4752},{},[4753],{"type":40,"value":4754},"Oficial de Cumplimiento y su equipo",{"type":40,"value":4756},": requieren formación especializada y actualización continua sobre cambios normativos y tipologías emergentes.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4758,"children":4759},{},[4760,4765],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4761,"children":4762},{},[4763],{"type":40,"value":4764},"Nuevos ingresos",{"type":40,"value":4766},": deben recibir capacitación de inducción antes o al poco tiempo de asumir funciones.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4768,"children":4770},{"id":4769},"contenidos-mínimos-de-un-programa-de-capacitación",[4771],{"type":40,"value":4772},"Contenidos mínimos de un programa de capacitación",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4774,"children":4775},{},[4776],{"type":40,"value":4777},"Un programa sólido cubre, como base, los siguientes contenidos, ajustando el nivel de detalle según la audiencia:",{"type":27,"tag":4779,"props":4780,"children":4781},"ol",{},[4782,4792,4802,4812,4822,4832],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4783,"children":4784},{},[4785,4790],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4786,"children":4787},{},[4788],{"type":40,"value":4789},"Marco legal aplicable",{"type":40,"value":4791},": Ley 19.913, Ley 20.393 y la normativa vigente de la UAF que afecta al sector.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4793,"children":4794},{},[4795,4800],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4796,"children":4797},{},[4798],{"type":40,"value":4799},"Conceptos fundamentales",{"type":40,"value":4801},": qué es el lavado de activos, el financiamiento del terrorismo, las etapas del proceso y el rol de la empresa como sujeto obligado.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4803,"children":4804},{},[4805,4810],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4806,"children":4807},{},[4808],{"type":40,"value":4809},"Señales de alerta",{"type":40,"value":4811},": cómo identificar operaciones inusuales o sospechosas, con ejemplos pertinentes al giro del negocio.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4813,"children":4814},{},[4815,4820],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4816,"children":4817},{},[4818],{"type":40,"value":4819},"Procedimientos internos",{"type":40,"value":4821},": políticas de conocimiento del cliente (KYC), debida diligencia y los controles definidos en el manual de prevención.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4823,"children":4824},{},[4825,4830],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4826,"children":4827},{},[4828],{"type":40,"value":4829},"Obligación de reportar",{"type":40,"value":4831},": cómo y a quién escalar internamente una alerta, el rol del Oficial de Cumplimiento y la naturaleza confidencial del reporte.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":4833,"children":4834},{},[4835,4840],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4836,"children":4837},{},[4838],{"type":40,"value":4839},"Responsabilidades y consecuencias",{"type":40,"value":4841},": las implicancias personales e institucionales del incumplimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":4843,"children":4845},{"id":4844},"modalidades-inducción-refrescos-y-e-learning",[4846],{"type":40,"value":4847},"Modalidades: inducción, refrescos y e-learning",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":4849,"children":4850},{},[4851],{"type":40,"value":4852},"No existe una sola forma correcta de capacitar. Lo recomendable es combinar modalidades según el momento y el rol.",{"type":27,"tag":4854,"props":4855,"children":4856},"table",{},[4857,4886],{"type":27,"tag":4858,"props":4859,"children":4860},"thead",{},[4861],{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4863,"children":4864},"tr",{},[4865,4871,4876,4881],{"type":27,"tag":4866,"props":4867,"children":4868},"th",{},[4869],{"type":40,"value":4870},"Modalidad",{"type":27,"tag":4866,"props":4872,"children":4873},{},[4874],{"type":40,"value":4875},"Cuándo aplica",{"type":27,"tag":4866,"props":4877,"children":4878},{},[4879],{"type":40,"value":4880},"Audiencia",{"type":27,"tag":4866,"props":4882,"children":4883},{},[4884],{"type":40,"value":4885},"Formato sugerido",{"type":27,"tag":4887,"props":4888,"children":4889},"tbody",{},[4890,4917,4943,4969,4995],{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4891,"children":4892},{},[4893,4902,4907,4912],{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4895,"children":4896},"td",{},[4897],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4898,"children":4899},{},[4900],{"type":40,"value":4901},"Inducción",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4903,"children":4904},{},[4905],{"type":40,"value":4906},"Al ingreso del colaborador",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4908,"children":4909},{},[4910],{"type":40,"value":4911},"Todo nuevo personal",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4913,"children":4914},{},[4915],{"type":40,"value":4916},"Presencial o e-learning con evaluación",{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4918,"children":4919},{},[4920,4928,4933,4938],{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4921,"children":4922},{},[4923],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4924,"children":4925},{},[4926],{"type":40,"value":4927},"Refresco anual",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4929,"children":4930},{},[4931],{"type":40,"value":4932},"Periodicidad razonable (mín. anual)",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4934,"children":4935},{},[4936],{"type":40,"value":4937},"Todo el personal",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4939,"children":4940},{},[4941],{"type":40,"value":4942},"E-learning o sesión sincrónica",{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4944,"children":4945},{},[4946,4954,4959,4964],{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4947,"children":4948},{},[4949],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4950,"children":4951},{},[4952],{"type":40,"value":4953},"Capacitación especializada",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4955,"children":4956},{},[4957],{"type":40,"value":4958},"Según rol y exposición",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4960,"children":4961},{},[4962],{"type":40,"value":4963},"Áreas de cara al cliente, OC",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4965,"children":4966},{},[4967],{"type":40,"value":4968},"Taller con casos prácticos",{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4970,"children":4971},{},[4972,4980,4985,4990],{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4973,"children":4974},{},[4975],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":4976,"children":4977},{},[4978],{"type":40,"value":4979},"Actualización normativa",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4981,"children":4982},{},[4983],{"type":40,"value":4984},"Ante cambios regulatorios",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4986,"children":4987},{},[4988],{"type":40,"value":4989},"Personal afectado",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4991,"children":4992},{},[4993],{"type":40,"value":4994},"Comunicado + sesión breve",{"type":27,"tag":4862,"props":4996,"children":4997},{},[4998,5006,5011,5016],{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":4999,"children":5000},{},[5001],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5002,"children":5003},{},[5004],{"type":40,"value":5005},"Sensibilización directorio",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":5007,"children":5008},{},[5009],{"type":40,"value":5010},"Periódica",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":5012,"children":5013},{},[5014],{"type":40,"value":5015},"Alta dirección",{"type":27,"tag":4894,"props":5017,"children":5018},{},[5019],{"type":40,"value":5020},"Presentación ejecutiva",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5022,"children":5023},{},[5024,5026,5031],{"type":40,"value":5025},"El ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5027,"children":5028},{},[5029],{"type":40,"value":5030},"e-learning",{"type":40,"value":5032}," ofrece trazabilidad y escalabilidad: registra automáticamente asistencia, tiempos y resultados de evaluación. Las sesiones presenciales o sincrónicas, en cambio, son más potentes para discutir casos reales y resolver dudas del equipo de primera línea. Una buena estrategia las complementa.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5034,"children":5036},{"id":5035},"cómo-medir-la-efectividad",[5037],{"type":40,"value":5038},"Cómo medir la efectividad",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5040,"children":5041},{},[5042],{"type":40,"value":5043},"Capacitar sin medir es asumir que el mensaje llegó. Para demostrar efectividad —y para mejorar el programa— conviene apoyarse en indicadores concretos:",{"type":27,"tag":4707,"props":5045,"children":5046},{},[5047,5057,5067,5077,5087],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5048,"children":5049},{},[5050,5055],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5051,"children":5052},{},[5053],{"type":40,"value":5054},"Evaluaciones de conocimiento",{"type":40,"value":5056},": pruebas al cierre de cada actividad, con un umbral mínimo de aprobación y reforzamiento para quienes no lo alcanzan.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5058,"children":5059},{},[5060,5065],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5061,"children":5062},{},[5063],{"type":40,"value":5064},"Registros de asistencia",{"type":40,"value":5066},": fecha, contenidos, participantes y resultados. Son la evidencia que la UAF puede requerir en una fiscalización.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5068,"children":5069},{},[5070,5075],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5071,"children":5072},{},[5073],{"type":40,"value":5074},"Cobertura del programa",{"type":40,"value":5076},": porcentaje del personal capacitado dentro del periodo definido.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5078,"children":5079},{},[5080,5085],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5081,"children":5082},{},[5083],{"type":40,"value":5084},"Retroalimentación cualitativa",{"type":40,"value":5086},": encuestas sobre claridad y utilidad de los contenidos.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5088,"children":5089},{},[5090,5095],{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5091,"children":5092},{},[5093],{"type":40,"value":5094},"Indicadores indirectos",{"type":40,"value":5096},": evolución en el número y calidad de alertas internas reportadas tras la capacitación.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":5098,"children":5100},{"type":5099},"success",[5101],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5102,"children":5103},{},[5104,5106,5111],{"type":40,"value":5105},"Conserve ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5107,"children":5108},{},[5109],{"type":40,"value":5110},"toda la documentación de capacitación",{"type":40,"value":5112}," de forma ordenada y accesible: convocatorias, materiales, listas de asistencia y resultados de evaluación. Ante una revisión de la UAF, esta evidencia respalda que el programa se ejecuta de manera sistemática y no improvisada.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5114,"children":5116},{"id":5115},"de-la-capacitación-a-la-cultura-de-cumplimiento",[5117],{"type":40,"value":5118},"De la capacitación a la cultura de cumplimiento",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5120,"children":5121},{},[5122,5124,5129],{"type":40,"value":5123},"El objetivo final no es aprobar un examen anual, sino instalar una ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5125,"children":5126},{},[5127],{"type":40,"value":5128},"cultura de cumplimiento",{"type":40,"value":5130},": que reportar una operación inusual sea visto como algo natural y valorado, no como una molestia o una delación. Esa cultura se construye con constancia.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5132,"children":5133},{},[5134],{"type":40,"value":5135},"Algunas prácticas que ayudan a consolidarla:",{"type":27,"tag":4707,"props":5137,"children":5138},{},[5139,5151,5156,5161,5166],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5140,"children":5141},{},[5142,5144,5149],{"type":40,"value":5143},"Que la ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5145,"children":5146},{},[5147],{"type":40,"value":5148},"alta dirección comunique",{"type":40,"value":5150}," de forma visible la importancia de la prevención.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5152,"children":5153},{},[5154],{"type":40,"value":5155},"Integrar la prevención LA/FT en los procesos cotidianos, no como un trámite aparte.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5157,"children":5158},{},[5159],{"type":40,"value":5160},"Reconocer y respaldar a quienes reportan, protegiendo la confidencialidad.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5162,"children":5163},{},[5164],{"type":40,"value":5165},"Mantener canales claros y simples para escalar dudas y alertas.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":5167,"children":5168},{},[5169],{"type":40,"value":5170},"Refrescar los contenidos con casos reales y tipologías actualizadas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5172,"children":5173},{},[5174],{"type":40,"value":5175},"Cuando la capacitación es periódica, relevante y medida, deja de ser una obligación formal y pasa a ser una ventaja: un equipo que entiende el porqué protege mejor a la organización que uno que solo cumple un requisito.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5177,"children":5179},{"id":5178},"cómo-apoya-neitcom",[5180],{"type":40,"value":5181},"Cómo apoya Neitcom",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5183,"children":5184},{},[5185,5187,5192,5194,5198],{"type":40,"value":5186},"En Neitcom acompañamos desde 2004 a sujetos obligados en el fortalecimiento de su modelo de prevención. Nuestras herramientas de verificación, monitoreo continuo y documentación trazable facilitan que la formación de su equipo se traduzca en controles efectivos y en evidencia lista para auditoría. Si quiere reforzar la capacitación y el programa de prevención de su organización, ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5188,"children":5189},{"href":218},[5190],{"type":40,"value":5191},"conversemos sobre su caso",{"type":40,"value":5193}," o revise el rol clave que cumple el ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5195,"children":5196},{"href":4600},[5197],{"type":40,"value":3086},{"type":40,"value":5199}," en este proceso.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":5201},[5202,5203,5204,5205,5206,5207,5208],{"id":4640,"depth":225,"text":4643},{"id":4690,"depth":225,"text":4693},{"id":4769,"depth":225,"text":4772},{"id":4844,"depth":225,"text":4847},{"id":5035,"depth":225,"text":5038},{"id":5115,"depth":225,"text":5118},{"id":5178,"depth":225,"text":5181},"content:blog:capacitacion-pld-equipos.md","blog/capacitacion-pld-equipos.md","blog/capacitacion-pld-equipos",{"_path":5213,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":5214,"description":5215,"category":438,"readTime":4322,"date":4618,"author":14,"tags":5216,"image":5217,"body":5218,"_type":233,"_id":5328,"_source":235,"_file":5329,"_stem":5330,"_extension":238},"/blog/oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos","El oficial de cumplimiento y el delegado de datos, dos guardianes frente al mismo fuego","La Ley 21.719 obliga a las áreas de compliance a mirar sus procesos de debida diligencia con otros ojos. Cómo convive la prevención de lavado de activos con la protección de datos personales.",[441,249,438,16,3086],"/images/blog/oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos.jpg",{"type":24,"children":5219,"toc":5323},[5220,5225,5230,5235,5241,5246,5251,5256,5264,5270,5275,5280,5285,5291,5296,5301,5306],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5221,"children":5222},{},[5223],{"type":40,"value":5224},"Toda organización que cumple con la Ley 19.913 vive una paradoja silenciosa. Para proteger al sistema financiero del lavado de activos debe recolectar información sobre las personas. Nombres, cédulas, perfiles patrimoniales, vínculos familiares, antecedentes judiciales. La debida diligencia es, en esencia, un acto de conocimiento profundo del otro. Y conocer al otro, en el lenguaje de la nueva era regulatoria, es tratar sus datos personales.",{"type":27,"tag":4434,"props":5226,"children":5229},{"cifra":5227,"texto":5228},"Ley 19.913 + Ley 21.719","Dos normativas vigentes sobre los mismos procesos de debida diligencia",[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5231,"children":5232},{},[5233],{"type":40,"value":5234},"Hasta ahora esa paradoja dormía tranquila porque una de sus dos mitades carecía de fuerza. La ley de datos vigente desde 1999 exigía poco y fiscalizaba menos. Desde el 1 de diciembre de 2026, con la entrada en vigencia de la Ley 21.719, las dos mitades quedarán despiertas al mismo tiempo. Y las áreas de cumplimiento serán de las primeras en sentirlo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5236,"children":5238},{"id":5237},"dos-mandatos-que-parecen-tirar-en-direcciones-opuestas",[5239],{"type":40,"value":5240},"Dos mandatos que parecen tirar en direcciones opuestas",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5242,"children":5243},{},[5244],{"type":40,"value":5245},"La normativa de prevención de lavado de activos le pide a la empresa que pregunte, que verifique, que conserve y que reporte. La normativa de protección de datos le pide que minimice, que justifique, que limite los plazos de conservación y que resguarde. Vistos con apuro, parecen mandatos enfrentados. Uno empuja a saber más y el otro a guardar menos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5247,"children":5248},{},[5249],{"type":40,"value":5250},"La lectura serena revela otra cosa. La propia Ley 21.719 reconoce que el tratamiento de datos es lícito cuando responde al cumplimiento de una obligación legal. La debida diligencia que exige la UAF no queda en entredicho. Lo que queda en entredicho es la manera descuidada de hacerla.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5252,"children":5253},{},[5254],{"type":40,"value":5255},"Porque una cosa es consultar los antecedentes de un cliente para cumplir la ley, y otra muy distinta es que esa consulta termine en una planilla que circula por correos internos, se respalda en computadores personales y sobrevive durante años sin que nadie recuerde por qué existe. La primera es compliance. La segunda, desde diciembre, es una infracción esperando fiscalizador.",{"type":27,"tag":4361,"props":5257,"children":5258},{},[5259],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5260,"children":5261},{},[5262],{"type":40,"value":5263},"La primera es compliance. La segunda, desde diciembre, es una infracción esperando fiscalizador.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5265,"children":5267},{"id":5266},"el-nuevo-vecino-del-oficial-de-cumplimiento",[5268],{"type":40,"value":5269},"El nuevo vecino del oficial de cumplimiento",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5271,"children":5272},{},[5273],{"type":40,"value":5274},"La ley introduce una figura que muchas organizaciones chilenas conocerán por primera vez. El delegado de protección de datos, encargado de velar por el tratamiento correcto de la información personal dentro de la empresa. Su parentesco con el oficial de cumplimiento es evidente. Ambos custodian riesgos que no se ven en el balance, ambos responden ante autoridades con poder sancionatorio y ambos necesitan que la organización entera colabore para que su trabajo tenga sentido.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5276,"children":5277},{},[5278],{"type":40,"value":5279},"En las empresas que ya cuentan con un modelo de prevención de delitos, la tentación será sumar la protección de datos como un anexo más del mismo manual. Conviene resistirla. Son disciplinas hermanas pero no gemelas. La prevención de lavado mira hacia afuera, hacia el riesgo que el cliente puede traer. La protección de datos mira hacia adentro, hacia el riesgo que la propia empresa genera al custodiar vidas ajenas en sus servidores.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5281,"children":5282},{},[5283],{"type":40,"value":5284},"Lo sensato es que ambos guardianes conversen. Que el inventario de datos personales incluya los que se recolectan por exigencia de la UAF. Que los plazos de conservación de los expedientes de debida diligencia tengan un fundamento escrito. Que los proveedores tecnológicos que participan del proceso firmen contratos donde el tratamiento de datos quede regulado con claridad.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5286,"children":5288},{"id":5287},"preguntas-que-toda-área-de-compliance-debiera-hacerse-hoy",[5289],{"type":40,"value":5290},"Preguntas que toda área de compliance debiera hacerse hoy",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5292,"children":5293},{},[5294],{"type":40,"value":5295},"Quien dirija un área de cumplimiento puede medir su preparación con un puñado de preguntas honestas. Sabemos exactamente qué datos personales recolectamos en nuestros procesos de conocimiento del cliente. Sabemos dónde se almacenan y quién puede verlos. Podemos explicar por qué conservamos cada expediente y hasta cuándo. Nuestros sistemas registran quién consultó qué información y en qué momento. Si mañana un titular ejerce su derecho de acceso, podemos responderle sin improvisar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5297,"children":5298},{},[5299],{"type":40,"value":5300},"Si alguna respuesta tambalea, ahí está el trabajo de los próximos meses.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5302,"children":5303},{},[5304],{"type":40,"value":5305},"Hay además una buena noticia escondida en este desafío. Las organizaciones que hacen bien su debida diligencia ya poseen los músculos que la nueva ley exige. Saben documentar, saben trazar, saben rendir cuentas ante un regulador. Extender esa disciplina al tratamiento de datos es menos un salto que un paso.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5307,"children":5308},{},[5309,5311,5315,5317,5322],{"type":40,"value":5310},"En Neitcom diseñamos nuestras soluciones sabiendo que la información de las personas merece el mismo rigor que la norma que obliga a consultarla. Nuestros sistemas registran cada consulta y generan la trazabilidad que tanto la UAF como la nueva Agencia de Protección de Datos esperan encontrar. Si quiere profundizar en las obligaciones de conocimiento del cliente, le recomendamos nuestra guía sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5312,"children":5313},{"href":138},[5314],{"type":40,"value":1112},{"type":40,"value":5316},", y si prefiere conversar sobre su caso particular, ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5318,"children":5319},{"href":218},[5320],{"type":40,"value":5321},"escríbanos",{"type":40,"value":185},{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":5324},[5325,5326,5327],{"id":5237,"depth":225,"text":5240},{"id":5266,"depth":225,"text":5269},{"id":5287,"depth":225,"text":5290},"content:blog:oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos.md","blog/oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos.md","blog/oficial-cumplimiento-delegado-datos",{"_path":5332,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":5333,"description":5334,"category":438,"readTime":4488,"date":5335,"author":14,"tags":5336,"image":5337,"body":5338,"_type":233,"_id":5477,"_source":235,"_file":5478,"_stem":5479,"_extension":238},"/blog/ley-proteccion-datos-fin-siesta","La nueva ley de protección de datos y el fin de una larga siesta","La Ley 21.719 despierta a Chile de casi tres décadas de descuido con los datos personales. Una mirada a lo que cambia y a lo que significa.","2026-06-08",[441,438,3352,11],"/images/blog/ley-proteccion-datos-fin-siesta.jpg",{"type":24,"children":5339,"toc":5471},[5340,5345,5350,5356,5361,5366,5371,5377,5382,5387,5392,5397,5405,5410,5415,5421,5426,5431,5436,5442,5447,5452],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5341,"children":5342},{},[5343],{"type":40,"value":5344},"Hay leyes que se promulgan y leyes que despiertan. La Ley 21.719 pertenece a la segunda categoría. Cuando entre en plena vigencia el 1 de diciembre de 2026, Chile no estará simplemente actualizando una norma. Estará cerrando un capítulo de casi treinta años en que los datos personales circularon por el país con la libertad de quien camina por una casa sin dueño.",{"type":27,"tag":4434,"props":5346,"children":5349},{"cifra":5347,"texto":5348},"1 dic 2026","Entrada en plena vigencia de la Ley 21.719",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5351,"children":5353},{"id":5352},"una-ley-que-envejeció-mirando-el-techo",[5354],{"type":40,"value":5355},"Una ley que envejeció mirando el techo",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5357,"children":5358},{},[5359],{"type":40,"value":5360},"La Ley 19.628 nació en 1999, cuando internet era un sonido de módem y el teléfono más inteligente apenas guardaba veinte contactos. Durante décadas fue una ley sin brazos. Declaraba derechos que nadie podía exigir y contemplaba sanciones que a ninguna empresa le quitaron el sueño. El resultado fue un país donde la base de datos se compraba, se vendía y se filtraba con una naturalidad que hoy resulta difícil de explicar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5362,"children":5363},{},[5364],{"type":40,"value":5365},"Quien haya recibido la llamada de una empresa que jamás conoció sabe de qué hablamos. Ese pequeño escalofrío de preguntarse cómo llegó mi número hasta ahí es, en el fondo, la experiencia cotidiana de vivir bajo una ley dormida.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5367,"children":5368},{},[5369],{"type":40,"value":5370},"La Ley 21.719, publicada en diciembre de 2024, vino a terminar esa siesta. Le dio al país un plazo de veinticuatro meses para prepararse. Ese plazo se agota a fin de año.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5372,"children":5374},{"id":5373},"lo-que-realmente-cambia",[5375],{"type":40,"value":5376},"Lo que realmente cambia",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5378,"children":5379},{},[5380],{"type":40,"value":5381},"Sería un error leer esta reforma como un trámite más del calendario regulatorio. Lo que cambia es la naturaleza misma de la relación entre las organizaciones y la información de las personas.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5383,"children":5384},{},[5385],{"type":40,"value":5386},"Primero, nace una autoridad con dientes. La Agencia de Protección de Datos Personales tendrá facultades para fiscalizar, interpretar la norma, ordenar medidas correctivas y sancionar. Ya no se trata de un derecho que el ciudadano debe perseguir solo por tribunales. Existe ahora un órgano del Estado cuyo oficio es vigilar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5388,"children":5389},{},[5390],{"type":40,"value":5391},"Segundo, los derechos dejan de ser decorativos. Acceso, rectificación, cancelación y oposición se consagran con procedimientos reales, y se suman la portabilidad de los datos y la posibilidad de impugnar decisiones tomadas por algoritmos. La persona deja de ser un registro pasivo en una base ajena y recupera algo parecido a la soberanía sobre su propia huella.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5393,"children":5394},{},[5395],{"type":40,"value":5396},"Tercero, las sanciones alcanzan cifras que los directorios sí miran. Las multas pueden llegar a 20.000 UTM, y en casos de reincidencia grave, a porcentajes de los ingresos anuales de la empresa. La época en que infringir salía más barato que cumplir quedó atrás.",{"type":27,"tag":4361,"props":5398,"children":5399},{},[5400],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5401,"children":5402},{},[5403],{"type":40,"value":5404},"La época en que infringir salía más barato que cumplir quedó atrás.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5406,"children":5407},{},[5408],{"type":40,"value":5409},"Y cuarto, quizás lo más profundo, la ley exige evidencia y no declaraciones. No bastará con tener una política escrita en un cajón. Habrá que demostrar qué datos se tratan, para qué, con qué fundamento legal y bajo qué resguardos. La buena intención deja de ser un argumento.",{"type":27,"tag":4434,"props":5411,"children":5414},{"cifra":5412,"texto":5413},"20.000 UTM","Multa máxima del nuevo régimen",[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5416,"children":5418},{"id":5417},"la-confianza-como-nueva-moneda",[5419],{"type":40,"value":5420},"La confianza como nueva moneda",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5422,"children":5423},{},[5424],{"type":40,"value":5425},"Detrás del lenguaje técnico hay una idea antigua. Los datos personales son fragmentos de una vida. El RUT, la dirección, el historial de compras, la geolocalización de un teléfono. Cada uno parece inofensivo por separado, pero reunidos dibujan a una persona con una nitidez que esa persona muchas veces desconoce.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5427,"children":5428},{},[5429],{"type":40,"value":5430},"Tratar esos fragmentos con cuidado no es solamente una obligación legal. Es una forma de respeto. Las empresas que entiendan esto antes que las demás descubrirán que la protección de datos no es un costo sino un activo. En un mercado donde las filtraciones se han vuelto noticia frecuente, poder decirle a un cliente que su información está segura vale tanto como cualquier campaña publicitaria.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5432,"children":5433},{},[5434],{"type":40,"value":5435},"Chile, además, se alinea con el estándar europeo que hoy siguen decenas de países. Para las empresas que aspiran a operar fuera de nuestras fronteras, cumplir con la nueva ley será también un pasaporte.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":5437,"children":5439},{"id":5438},"el-tiempo-que-queda",[5440],{"type":40,"value":5441},"El tiempo que queda",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5443,"children":5444},{},[5445],{"type":40,"value":5446},"Quedan pocos meses. Para las organizaciones que aún no comienzan, el camino tiene estaciones conocidas. Saber qué datos se tienen y dónde están. Definir quién responde por ellos. Revisar los contratos con proveedores que los tratan. Preparar la respuesta ante una eventual brecha. Capacitar a las personas, porque ninguna política sobrevive al desconocimiento de quienes deben aplicarla.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5448,"children":5449},{},[5450],{"type":40,"value":5451},"Las empresas de menor tamaño contarán con un primer año de gracia en que las primeras infracciones se traducirán en amonestaciones y no en multas. Es un alivio, pero conviene leerlo como lo que es. Una prórroga para corregir, no una invitación a esperar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5453,"children":5454},{},[5455,5457,5462,5464,5469],{"type":40,"value":5456},"En Neitcom llevamos más de veinte años trabajando con información sensible para el cumplimiento normativo, y sabemos que las leyes que transforman industrias premian siempre a quienes se preparan temprano. Si su organización ya enfrenta obligaciones de debida diligencia bajo la Ley 19.913, la nueva normativa de datos conversa directamente con sus procesos. Le invitamos a leer sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5458,"children":5459},{"href":138},[5460],{"type":40,"value":5461},"la debida diligencia de clientes",{"type":40,"value":5463}," y a ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":5465,"children":5466},{"href":218},[5467],{"type":40,"value":5468},"conversar con nosotros",{"type":40,"value":5470}," sobre cómo llegar a diciembre con la casa en orden.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":5472},[5473,5474,5475,5476],{"id":5352,"depth":225,"text":5355},{"id":5373,"depth":225,"text":5376},{"id":5417,"depth":225,"text":5420},{"id":5438,"depth":225,"text":5441},"content:blog:ley-proteccion-datos-fin-siesta.md","blog/ley-proteccion-datos-fin-siesta.md","blog/ley-proteccion-datos-fin-siesta",{"_path":5481,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":5482,"description":5483,"category":11,"readTime":4488,"date":5484,"author":14,"tags":5485,"image":5487,"body":5488,"_type":233,"_id":6190,"_source":235,"_file":6191,"_stem":6192,"_extension":238},"/blog/monitoreo-transaccional-gestion-alertas","Monitoreo transaccional y gestión de alertas: del dato a la decisión","Monitoreo transaccional y gestión de alertas en compliance: reglas, escenarios, falsos positivos, priorización, flujo hacia el ROS y KPIs de cumplimiento.","2026-05-27",[246,824,11,21,248,5486],"Análisis de Riesgo","/images/blog/monitoreo-transaccional-gestion-alertas.jpg",{"type":24,"children":5489,"toc":6180},[5490,5507,5513,5531,5550,5555,5561,5573,5626,5631,5748,5767,5773,5785,5799,5804,5810,5822,5903,5914,5920,5925,5995,6007,6013,6018,6071,6076,6082,6094,6106,6109,6148,6151,6157],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":5491,"children":5492},{},[5493,5494,5498,5500,5505],{"type":40,"value":5025},{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5495,"children":5496},{},[5497],{"type":40,"value":380},{"type":40,"value":5499}," es el proceso mediante el cual un sujeto obligado observa, de forma sistemática y continua, las operaciones de sus clientes para detectar comportamientos inusuales que puedan estar vinculados al ",{"type":27,"tag":1070,"props":5501,"children":5502},{},[5503],{"type":40,"value":5504},"lavado de activos o financiamiento del terrorismo",{"type":40,"value":5506},". 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diligencia",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13338,"children":13339},{},[13340],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13341,"children":13342},{"href":218},[13343],{"type":40,"value":10835},{"type":27,"tag":208,"props":13345,"children":13346},{},[],{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13348,"children":13349},{"id":6153},[13350],{"type":40,"value":6156},{"type":27,"tag":4707,"props":13352,"children":13353},{},[13354,13363,13372,13381,13390],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13355,"children":13356},{},[13357,13361],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13358,"children":13359},{"href":2276},[13360],{"type":40,"value":11621},{"type":40,"value":13362}," - Los cambios más importantes que amplían el catálogo a +250 delitos.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13364,"children":13365},{},[13366,13370],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13367,"children":13368},{"href":1499},[13369],{"type":40,"value":10863},{"type":40,"value":13371}," - La normativa de prevención de lavado de activos que complementa la Ley 20.393.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13373,"children":13374},{},[13375,13379],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13376,"children":13377},{"href":763},[13378],{"type":40,"value":10883},{"type":40,"value":13380}," - Verificar PEP es parte esencial de la debida diligencia del MPD.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13382,"children":13383},{},[13384,13388],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13385,"children":13386},{"href":138},[13387],{"type":40,"value":10873},{"type":40,"value":13389}," - Requisitos de KYC aplicables al Modelo de Prevención.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13391,"children":13392},{},[13393,13397],{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13394,"children":13395},{"href":10891},[13396],{"type":40,"value":11611},{"type":40,"value":13398}," - Multas y consecuencias por no tener un MPD efectivo.",{"title":8,"searchDepth":225,"depth":226,"links":13400},[13401,13402,13413,13414,13422,13423,13424,13431,13432],{"id":12602,"depth":225,"text":12605},{"id":12620,"depth":225,"text":12623,"children":13403},[13404,13410,13411,13412],{"id":12626,"depth":226,"text":12629,"children":13405},[13406,13407,13408,13409],{"id":12644,"depth":9748,"text":12647},{"id":12678,"depth":9748,"text":12681},{"id":12709,"depth":9748,"text":12712},{"id":12735,"depth":9748,"text":12738},{"id":12753,"depth":226,"text":12756},{"id":12804,"depth":226,"text":12807},{"id":12825,"depth":226,"text":12828},{"id":12859,"depth":225,"text":12862},{"id":12977,"depth":225,"text":12980,"children":13415},[13416,13417,13418,13419,13420,13421],{"id":12995,"depth":226,"text":12998},{"id":13006,"depth":226,"text":13009},{"id":13017,"depth":226,"text":13020},{"id":13078,"depth":226,"text":13081},{"id":13104,"depth":226,"text":13107},{"id":13115,"depth":226,"text":13118},{"id":13141,"depth":225,"text":10621},{"id":13197,"depth":225,"text":13200},{"id":13236,"depth":225,"text":13239,"children":13425},[13426,13427,13428,13429,13430],{"id":13242,"depth":226,"text":13245},{"id":13253,"depth":226,"text":13256},{"id":13264,"depth":226,"text":13267},{"id":13275,"depth":226,"text":13278},{"id":13286,"depth":226,"text":13289},{"id":13300,"depth":225,"text":13303},{"id":6153,"depth":225,"text":6156},"content:blog:modelo-prevencion-delitos.md","blog/modelo-prevencion-delitos.md","blog/modelo-prevencion-delitos",{"_path":13437,"_dir":6,"_draft":7,"_partial":7,"_locale":8,"title":13438,"description":13439,"category":629,"readTime":4488,"date":13440,"dateModified":13441,"author":14,"tags":13442,"image":13443,"body":13444,"_type":233,"_id":13723,"_source":235,"_file":13724,"_stem":13725,"_extension":238},"/blog/pep-quienes-son","¿Quiénes son las personas expuestas políticamente en Chile?","Quiénes son PEP según la Circular UAF N°62, qué familiares alcanza la definición y qué medidas reforzadas exige la norma a los sujetos obligados.","2025-11-15","2026-10-16",[629,1888,20,16,11],"/images/blog/pep-quienes-son.jpg",{"type":24,"children":13445,"toc":13716},[13446,13469,13474,13479,13485,13490,13495,13500,13506,13511,13599,13604,13610,13615,13626,13634,13640,13645,13650,13658,13663,13681,13686,13692,13697,13702,13705],{"type":27,"tag":28,"props":13447,"children":13448},{},[13449,13457],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13450,"children":13451},{},[13452],{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":13453,"children":13454},{},[13455],{"type":40,"value":13456},"\"Es una experiencia eterna que todo hombre que tiene poder se inclina a abusar de él, y llega hasta donde encuentra límites. ¡Quién lo diría! La virtud misma necesita límites.\"",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13458,"children":13459},{},[13460,13462,13467],{"type":40,"value":13461},"Montesquieu, ",{"type":27,"tag":36,"props":13463,"children":13464},{},[13465],{"type":40,"value":13466},"Del espíritu de las leyes",{"type":40,"value":13468},", libro XI, capítulo IV",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13470,"children":13471},{},[13472],{"type":40,"value":13473},"La Circular UAF N°62, vigente desde el 1 de junio de 2025, dedica su sección H a las personas expuestas políticamente. Ahí la Unidad de Análisis Financiero define quiénes son, nombra los cargos que cada sujeto obligado debe tratar como PEP y fija las medidas reforzadas que se les aplican. Cuando se piensa en una PEP, la imaginación suele detenerse en la cumbre del Estado, en el Presidente de la República, los ministros y los parlamentarios, como si la exposición fuera una cuestión de altura. La norma mira el asunto de otra manera.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13475,"children":13476},{},[13477],{"type":40,"value":13478},"¿Qué vuelve expuesta a una persona, el cargo que ocupa o la cercanía de ese cargo con las decisiones que mueven recursos públicos? Partamos por lo que dice la circular, con su propia redacción, porque en esta materia la paráfrasis suele ser el primer paso hacia el error.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13480,"children":13482},{"id":13481},"qué-entiende-la-circular-62-por-persona-expuesta-políticamente",[13483],{"type":40,"value":13484},"Qué entiende la Circular 62 por persona expuesta políticamente",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13486,"children":13487},{},[13488],{"type":40,"value":13489},"El numeral h.1 califica como PEP a los chilenos y extranjeros que desempeñen o hayan desempeñado funciones públicas destacadas en un país, hasta a lo menos un año de finalizado el ejercicio de estas. La misma disposición aclara que se trata de mínimos, de modo que cada sujeto obligado, en consideración a su política de riesgos, puede calificar como PEP a otras personas y extender los plazos que la norma fija. Esa precisión pesa más de lo que parece, pues convierte la lista oficial en un piso y no en un techo, y deja en manos de cada institución la decisión de cuánto más allá de ese piso quiere mirar.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13491,"children":13492},{},[13493],{"type":40,"value":13494},"El numeral h.2 describe el universo en términos generales. Incluye a jefes de Estado o de Gobierno, políticos de alta jerarquía, funcionarios gubernamentales, judiciales o militares de alta jerarquía y altos ejecutivos de empresas estatales. La exposición alcanza también a su cónyuge, a su conviviente civil y a sus parientes hasta el segundo grado de consanguinidad (la circular pone como ejemplo a abuelos, nietos y hermanos), y a las personas naturales con las que hayan celebrado un pacto de actuación conjunta que les dé poder de voto suficiente para influir en sociedades constituidas en Chile.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13496,"children":13497},{},[13498],{"type":40,"value":13499},"Es interesante notar el criterio que hay detrás. El poder, como el agua, rara vez se queda en el cauce por donde entró, y la definición lo reconoce extendiéndose a quienes están lo bastante cerca para recibirlo.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13501,"children":13503},{"id":13502},"las-categorías-mínimas-de-pep-que-fija-la-uaf",[13504],{"type":40,"value":13505},"Las categorías mínimas de PEP que fija la UAF",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13507,"children":13508},{},[13509],{"type":40,"value":13510},"La sección H de la Circular UAF N°62, en su numeral h.3, baja esa definición general a cargos concretos y enumera las personas que los sujetos obligados deben calificar como PEP, a lo menos. Las transcribimos con la redacción de la norma, porque es el texto contra el cual se medirá cualquier programa de cumplimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":4707,"props":13512,"children":13513},{},[13514,13519,13524,13529,13534,13539,13544,13549,13554,13559,13564,13569,13574,13579,13584,13589,13594],{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13515,"children":13516},{},[13517],{"type":40,"value":13518},"Presidente(a) de la República.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13520,"children":13521},{},[13522],{"type":40,"value":13523},"Senadores(as), diputados(as), alcaldes(as), concejales(as), administradores(as) y directores(as) de obras municipales.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13525,"children":13526},{},[13527],{"type":40,"value":13528},"Ministros(as) de la Corte Suprema, ministros(as) de Cortes de Apelaciones y jueces/juezas de primera instancia.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13530,"children":13531},{},[13532],{"type":40,"value":13533},"Ministros(as) de Estado, subsecretarios(as), gobernadores(as), delegados(as) presidenciales, consejeros(as) regionales, secretarios(as) y asesores(as) regionales ministeriales, embajadores(as), cónsules, jefes(as) superiores de servicio, tanto centralizados como descentralizados, y la o el directivo superior inmediato que deba subrogar a cada uno de ellos.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13535,"children":13536},{},[13537],{"type":40,"value":13538},"Comandantes en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas, director(a) General de Carabineros, director(a) General de Investigaciones, y todo el alto mando respectivo.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13540,"children":13541},{},[13542],{"type":40,"value":13543},"Fiscal nacional del Ministerio Público, fiscales regionales y fiscales adjuntos.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13545,"children":13546},{},[13547],{"type":40,"value":13548},"Fiscal nacional económico.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13550,"children":13551},{},[13552],{"type":40,"value":13553},"Contralor(a) General de la República y contralores(as) Regionales.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13555,"children":13556},{},[13557],{"type":40,"value":13558},"Consejeros(as) del Banco Central de Chile.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13560,"children":13561},{},[13562],{"type":40,"value":13563},"Consejeros(as) del Consejo de Defensa del Estado.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13565,"children":13566},{},[13567],{"type":40,"value":13568},"Ministros(as) del Tribunal Constitucional.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13570,"children":13571},{},[13572],{"type":40,"value":13573},"Ministros(as) del Tribunal de la Libre Competencia.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13575,"children":13576},{},[13577],{"type":40,"value":13578},"Integrantes titulares y suplentes del Tribunal de Contratación Pública.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13580,"children":13581},{},[13582],{"type":40,"value":13583},"Consejeros(as) del Consejo de Alta Dirección Pública.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13585,"children":13586},{},[13587],{"type":40,"value":13588},"Directores(as) y ejecutivos(as) principales de empresas públicas, según lo definido por la Ley Nº18.045.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13590,"children":13591},{},[13592],{"type":40,"value":13593},"Directores(as) de sociedades anónimas nombrados por el Estado o sus organismos.",{"type":27,"tag":4711,"props":13595,"children":13596},{},[13597],{"type":40,"value":13598},"Miembros de las directivas de los partidos políticos.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13600,"children":13601},{},[13602],{"type":40,"value":13603},"Vale la pena detenerse en la segunda línea. Junto a senadores y diputados, la norma pone a alcaldes, concejales, administradores municipales y directores de obras municipales, es decir, a quienes deciden a diario contratos, permisos y pagos en su territorio. Un programa que solo mira hacia el Congreso y los ministerios deja fuera justamente el nivel donde la relación entre una autoridad y sus proveedores es más cotidiana, y por lo mismo más difícil de distinguir de la normalidad.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13605,"children":13607},{"id":13606},"familiares-asociados-y-beneficiarios-finales",[13608],{"type":40,"value":13609},"Familiares, asociados y beneficiarios finales",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13611,"children":13612},{},[13613],{"type":40,"value":13614},"La extensión a familiares y asociados es la parte de la definición que más trabajo exige en la práctica, porque el parentesco y los pactos de actuación conjunta no vienen escritos en la frente de nadie. A ella se suma una regla que suele pasarse por alto. El numeral g.3.6 dispone que, si un cliente persona jurídica o estructura jurídica declara como beneficiario final a una PEP, o así lo determina el sujeto obligado al revisar y verificar esa información, deben aplicarse respecto de la persona jurídica todas las medidas de debida diligencia previstas para las PEP.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13616,"children":13617},{},[13618,13620,13624],{"type":40,"value":13619},"La sociedad hereda, por decirlo así, la exposición de quien la controla. En nuestro artículo sobre la ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13621,"children":13622},{"href":125},[13623],{"type":40,"value":128},{"type":40,"value":13625}," explicamos cómo se declara y se verifica esa información.",{"type":27,"tag":169,"props":13627,"children":13628},{"type":171},[13629],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13630,"children":13631},{},[13632],{"type":40,"value":13633},"El plazo de un año después de dejar el cargo es un mínimo. La propia Circular N°62 permite que cada sujeto obligado, según su política de riesgos, lo extienda y califique como PEP a personas que no figuran en la lista, siempre que la decisión quede fundada en esa política.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13635,"children":13637},{"id":13636},"las-medidas-reforzadas-que-exige-el-numeral-h4",[13638],{"type":40,"value":13639},"Las medidas reforzadas que exige el numeral h.4",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13641,"children":13642},{},[13643],{"type":40,"value":13644},"El numeral h.4 ordena a los sujetos obligados implementar medidas para determinar si un posible cliente, un cliente o el beneficiario final es o no PEP, y ejecutar respecto de estas personas medidas reforzadas de debida diligencia. La norma enumera tres. La primera es «obtener y exigir aprobación de la alta gerencia para establecer relaciones comerciales con una PEP, o que ha pasado a tener esta calidad cuando la relación comercial es previa a dicha condición». La segunda, «tomar medidas razonables para definir la fuente del patrimonio, la fuente de los fondos con los que operan los clientes y beneficiarios finales identificados como PEP, y el propósito de la operación». La tercera, «implementar procedimientos y medidas de DDC continua intensificada sobre la relación comercial establecida con una PEP».",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13646,"children":13647},{},[13648],{"type":40,"value":13649},"Leídas en orden, las tres medidas dibujan un recorrido que empieza con una pregunta y no termina nunca.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13651,"children":13652},{},[13653],{"type":27,"tag":106,"props":13654,"children":13657},{"alt":13655,"src":13656},"El recorrido de la debida diligencia reforzada del numeral h.4 de la Circular UAF N°62, desde que se determina que el cliente es PEP hasta la debida diligencia continua intensificada","/images/diagramas/pep-quienes-son.svg",[],{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13659,"children":13660},{},[13661],{"type":40,"value":13662},"Nos llama poderosamente la atención la segunda mitad de la primera medida. La norma contempla al cliente que se vuelve PEP cuando la relación ya existía, y eso significa que la consulta no puede hacerse una sola vez al abrir la cuenta y olvidarse después. Una elección municipal, un nombramiento o un matrimonio cambian la calidad de un cliente que lleva años en la cartera, y la alta gerencia tiene que aprobar esa relación como si empezara de nuevo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13664,"children":13665},{},[13666,13668,13672,13674,13679],{"type":40,"value":13667},"Todo ello debe quedar escrito. El numeral e.1 exige mantener un registro de operaciones realizadas por PEP que contenga la lista de clientes PEP, las operaciones que realizaron con sus documentos de respaldo y los antecedentes recabados en aplicación del numeral h.4, y el numeral e.2 obliga a conservar esa información por un plazo mínimo de cinco años desde terminada la relación comercial o la última operación ocasional, a disposición de la UAF cuando la requiera. Las políticas y procedimientos sobre PEP, según el numeral j.3, deben formar parte del Manual de Prevención y Detección. La guía sobre ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13669,"children":13670},{"href":731},[13671],{"type":40,"value":734},{"type":40,"value":13673}," desarrolla cómo llevar estas medidas a la operación diaria, y la de ",{"type":27,"tag":123,"props":13675,"children":13676},{"href":10891},[13677],{"type":40,"value":13678},"sanciones por incumplimiento UAF",{"type":40,"value":13680}," muestra lo que cuesta no hacerlo.",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13682,"children":13683},{},[13684],{"type":40,"value":13685},"Pareciera, por lo que vemos al acompañar programas de cumplimiento, que la falla más frecuente no está en ignorar quién es PEP al inicio sino en dejar de preguntarlo después. Una lista se consulta en un instante. La exposición política, en cambio, se adquiere y se pierde con el calendario, y solo una revisión periódica de toda la cartera acompaña ese movimiento.",{"type":27,"tag":65,"props":13687,"children":13689},{"id":13688},"la-virtud-también-necesita-límites",[13690],{"type":40,"value":13691},"La virtud también necesita límites",{"type":27,"tag":32,"props":13693,"children":13694},{},[13695],{"type":40,"value":13696},"Montesquieu escribió que todo el que tiene poder se inclina a abusar de él hasta que encuentra límites, y agregó, casi con sorpresa, que la virtud misma los necesita. La Circular 62 lee el asunto con la misma prudencia. No acusa a nadie ni presume nada de quien ocupa un cargo público. Se limita a reconocer que hay posiciones desde donde el dinero ajeno queda más cerca de la mano, y que esa cercanía merece más atención y no menos. 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